Biography of John Donne

Biography of John Donne John Donne was an English poet, satirist, lawyer and priest. He is considered the pre-eminent representative of the metaphysical poets. His works are noted for their strong, sensual style and include sonnets, love poetry, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, satires and sermons. His poetry is noted for its vibrancy of language and inventiveness of metaphor, especially compared to that of his contemporaries. Donne's style is characterised by abrupt openings and various paradoxes, ironies and dislocations.These features, along with his frequent dramatic or everyday speech rhythms, his tense syntax and his tough eloquence, were both a reaction against the smoothness of conventional Elizabethan poetry and an adaptation into English of European baroque and mannerist techniques. His early career was marked by poetry that bore immense knowledge of British society and he met that knowledge with sharp criticism. Another important theme in Donn e’s poetry is the idea of true religion, something that he spent much time considering and theorising about.He wrote secular poems as well as erotic and love poems. He is particularly famous for his mastery of metaphysical conceits. Despite his great education and poetic talents, Donne lived in poverty for several years, relying heavily on wealthy friends. He spent much of the money he inherited during and after his education on womanising, literature, pastimes, and travel. In 1601, Donne secretly married Anne Moore, with whom he had twelve children. In 1615, he became an Anglican priest, although he did not want to take Anglican orders.He did so because King James I persistently ordered it. In 1621, he was appointed the Dean of St Paul's Cathedral in London. He also served as a member of parliament in 1601 and in 1614. Biography Early Life Donne was born in London, into a Roman Catholic family when practice of that religion was illegal in England. Donne was the third of six children. His father, also named John Donne, was of Welsh descent and a warden of the Ironmongers Company in the City of London. Donne's father was a respected Roman Catholic who avoided unwelcome government attention out of fear of persecution.Donne's father died in 1576, leaving his wife, Elizabeth Heywood, the responsibility of raising their children. Elizabeth was also from a recusant Roman Catholic family, the daughter of John Heywood, the playwright, and sister of the Reverend Jasper Heywood, a Jesuit priest and translator. She was a great-niece of the Roman Catholic martyr Thomas More. This tradition of martyrdom would continue among Donne’s closer relatives, many of whom were executed or exiled for religious reasons. Donne was educated privately; however, there is no evidence to support the popular claim that he was taught by Jesuits.Donne's mother married Dr. John Syminges, a wealthy widower with three children, a few months after Donne's father died. Two more of his sisters, Mary and Katherine, died in 1581. Donne's mother, who had lived in the Deanery after Donne became Dean of St. Paul's, survived him, dying in 1632. Donne was a student at Hart Hall, now Hertford College, Oxford, from the age of 11. After three years at Oxford he was admitted to the University of Cambridge, where he studied for another three years.He was unable to obtain a degree from either institution because of his Catholicism, since he could not take the Oath of Supremacy required of graduates. In 1591 he was accepted as a student at the Thavies Inn legal school, one of the Inns of Chancery in London. On 6 May 1592 he was admitted to Lincoln’s Inn, one of the Inns of Court. His brother Henry was also a university student prior to his arrest in 1593 for harbouring a Catholic priest, William Harrington, whom Henry betrayed under torture. Harrington was tortured on the rack, hanged until not quite dead, then was subjected to disembowelment.Henry Donne died in Newgate prison of bubonic plague, leading John Donne to begin questioning his Catholic faith. During and after his education, Donne spent much of his considerable inheritance on women, literature, pastimes and travel. Although there is no record detailing precisely where he travelled, it is known that he travelled across Europe and later fought with the Earl of Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh against the Spanish at Cadiz (1596) and the Azores (1597) and witnessed the loss of the Spanish flagship, the San Felipe. According to Izaak Walton, who wrote a biography of Donne in 1658: .. he returned not back into England till he had stayed some years, first in Italy, and then in Spain, where he made many useful observations of those countries, their laws and manner of government, and returned perfect in their languages. —Izaak Walton By the age of 25 he was well prepared for the diplomatic career he appeared to be seeking. He was appointed chief secretary to the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, Sir Thomas Egerton, and was established at Egerton’s London home, York House, Strand close to the Palace of Whitehall, then the most influential social centre in England.Marriage to Anne More During the next four years, he fell in love with Egerton's niece Anne More. They were married just before Christmas in 1601, against the wishes of both Egerton and George More, who was Lieutenant of the Tower and Anne's father. This wedding ruined Donne's career and earned him a short stay in Fleet Prison, along with Samuel Brooke, who married them, and the man who acted as a witness to the wedding. Donne was released when the marriage was proven valid, and he soon secured the release of the other two.Walton tells us that when Donne wrote to his wife to tell her about losing his post, he wrote after his name: John Donne, Anne Donne, Un-done. It was not until 1609 that Donne was reconciled with his father-in-law and received his wife's dowry. After his release, Donne had to accept a reti red country life in Pyrford, Surrey. Over the next few years, he scraped a meagre living as a lawyer, depending on his wife’s cousin Sir Francis Wolly to house him, his wife, and their children. Because Anne Donne bore a new baby almost every year, this was a very generous gesture.Though he practised law and may have worked as an assistant pamphleteer to Thomas Morton, Donne was in a constant state of financial insecurity, with a growing family to provide for. Anne bore twelve children in sixteen years of marriage (including two stillbirths—their eighth and then, in 1617, their last child); indeed, she spent most of her married life either pregnant or nursing. The ten surviving children were Constance, John, George, Francis, Lucy (named after Donne's patroness Lucy, Countess of Bedford, her godmother), Bridget, Mary, Nicholas, Margaret, and Elizabeth.Francis, Nicholas, and Mary died before they were ten. In a state of despair, Donne noted that the death of a child woul d mean one less mouth to feed, but he could not afford the burial expenses. During this time, Donne wrote, but did not publish, Biathanatos, his defence of suicide. His wife died on 15 August 1617, five days after giving birth to their twelfth child, a still-born baby. Donne mourned her deeply, and wrote of his love and loss in his 17th Holy Sonnet. Career and Later Life Donne was elected as Member of Parliament for the constituency of Brackley in 1602, but this was not a paid position.The fashion for coterie poetry of the period gave him a means to seek patronage and many of his poems were written for wealthy friends or patrons, especially Sir Robert Drury, who came to be Donne's chief patron in 1610. Donne wrote the two Anniversaries, An Anatomy of the World (1611) and Of the Progress of the Soul, (1612), for Drury. In 1610 and 1611 he wrote two anti-Catholic polemics: Pseudo-Martyr and Ignatius his Conclave. Although James was pleased with Donne's work, he refused to reinstate hi m at court and instead urged him to take holy orders.At length, Donne acceded to the King's wishes and in 1615 was ordained into the Church of England. Donne was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity from Cambridge in 1615 and became a Royal Chaplain in the same year, and was made a Reader of Divinity at Lincoln's Inn in 1616. In 1618 he became chaplain to Viscount Doncaster, who was on an embassy to the princes of Germany. Donne did not return to England until 1620. In 1621 Donne was made Dean of St Paul's, a leading (and well-paid) position in the Church of England and one he held until his death in 1631. During his period as Dean his daughter Lucy died, aged eighteen.In late November and early December 1623 he suffered a nearly fatal illness, thought to be either typhus or a combination of a cold followed by a period of fever. During his convalescence he wrote a series of meditations and prayers on health, pain, and sickness that were published as a book in 1624 under the tit le of Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. One of these meditations, Meditation XVII, later became well known for its phrase â€Å"for whom the bell tolls† and the statement that â€Å"no man is an island†. In 1624 he became vicar of St Dunstan-in-the-West, and 1625 a prolocutor to Charles I.He earned a reputation as an eloquent preacher and 160 of his sermons have survived, including the famous Death’s Duel sermon delivered at the Palace of Whitehall before King Charles I in February 1631. Death It is thought that his final illness was stomach cancer, although this has not been proven. He died on 31 March 1631 having written many poems, most only in manuscript. Donne was buried in old St Paul's Cathedral, where a memorial statue of him was erected (carved from a drawing of him in his shroud), with a Latin epigraph probably composed by himself.Donne's monument survived the 1666 fire, and is on display in the present building. Writings Early Poetry Donne's earliest poems showed a developed knowledge of English society coupled with sharp criticism of its problems. His satires dealt with common Elizabethan topics, such as corruption in the legal system, mediocre poets, and pompous courtiers. His images of sickness, vomit, manure, and plague reflected his strongly satiric view of a world populated by all the fools and knaves of England. His third satire, however, deals with the problem of true religion, a matter of great importance to Donne.He argued that it was better to examine carefully one's religious convictions than blindly to follow any established tradition, for none would be saved at the Final Judgment, by claiming â€Å"A Harry, or a Martin taught [them] this. † Donne's early career was also notable for his erotic poetry, especially his elegies, in which he employed unconventional metaphors, such as a flea biting two lovers being compared to sex. In Elegy XIX: To His Mistress Going to Bed, he poetically undressed his mistress an d compared the act of fondling to the exploration of America.In Elegy XVIII, he compared the gap between his lover's breasts to the Hellespont. Donne did not publish these poems, although did allow them to circulate widely in manuscript form. â€Å"†¦ any mans death diminishes me, because I am involved in Mankinde; And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee.. † — Donne, Meditation XVII Some have speculated that Donne's numerous illnesses, financial strain, and the deaths of his friends all contributed to the development of a more somber and pious tone in his later poems.The change can be clearly seen in â€Å"An Anatomy of the World† (1611), a poem that Donne wrote in memory of Elizabeth Drury, daughter of his patron, Sir Robert Drury of Hawstead, Suffolk. This poem treats Elizabeth's demise with extreme gloominess, using it as a symbol for the Fall of Man and the destruction of the universe. The poem â€Å"A Nocturnal upon S. Lucy's Day, Being the Shortest Day†, concerns the poet's despair at the death of a loved one. In it Donne expresses a feeling of utter negation and hopelessness, saying that â€Å"I am every dead thing†¦ re-begot / Of absence, darkness, death. This famous work was probably written in 1627 when both Donne's friend Lucy, Countess of Bedford, and his daughter Lucy Donne died. Three years later, in 1630, Donne wrote his will on Saint Lucy's day (13 December), the date the poem describes as â€Å"Both the year's, and the day's deep midnight. † The increasing gloominess of Donne's tone may also be observed in the religious works that he began writing during the same period. His early belief in the value of scepticism now gave way to a firm faith in the traditional teachings of the Bible. Having converted to the Anglican Church, Donne focused his literary career on religious literature.He quickly became noted for his sermons and religious poems. The lines of these se rmons would come to influence future works of English literature, such as Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls, which took its title from a passage in Meditation XVII of Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, and Thomas Merton’s No Man is an Island, which took its title from the same source. Towards the end of his life Donne wrote works that challenged death, and the fear that it inspired in many men, on the grounds of his belief that those who die are sent to Heaven to live eternally.One example of this challenge is his Holy Sonnet X, Death Be Not Proud, from which come the famous lines â€Å"Death, be not proud, though some have called thee / Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so. † Even as he lay dying during Lent in 1631, he rose from his sickbed and delivered the Death's Duel sermon, which was later described as his own funeral sermon. Death’s Duel portrays life as a steady descent to suffering and death, yet sees hope in salvation and immortality thro ugh an embrace of God, Christ and the Resurrection. StyleHis work has received much criticism over the years, especially concerning his metaphysical form. Donne is generally considered the most prominent member of the Metaphysical poets, a phrase coined in 1781 by the critic Dr Johnson, following a comment on Donne by the poet John Dryden. Dryden had written of Donne in 1693: â€Å"He affects the metaphysics, not only in his satires, but in his amorous verses, where nature only should reign; and perplexes the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy, when he should engage their hearts, and entertain them with the softnesses of love. In Life of Cowley (from Samuel Johnson's 1781 work of biography and criticism Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets), Johnson refers to the beginning of the seventeenth century in which there â€Å"appeared a race of writers that may be termed the metaphysical poets†. Donne's immediate successors in poetry therefore tended to regard his works with ambivalence, with the Neoclassical poets regarding his conceits as abuse of the metaphor. However he was revived by Romantic poets such as Coleridge and Browning, though his more recent revival in the early twentieth century by poets such as T.S. Eliot and critics like F R Leavis tended to portray him, with approval, as an anti-Romantic. Donne's work suggests a healthy appetite for life and its pleasures, while also expressing deep emotion. He did this through the use of conceits, wit and intellect—as seen in the poems â€Å"The Sun Rising† and â€Å"Batter My Heart†. Donne is considered a master of the metaphysical conceit, an extended metaphor that combines two vastly different ideas into a single idea, often using imagery. An example of this is his equation of lovers with saints in â€Å"The Canonization†.Unlike the conceits found in other Elizabethan poetry, most notably Petrarchan conceits, which formed cliched comparisons betwe en more closely related objects (such as a rose and love), metaphysical conceits go to a greater depth in comparing two completely unlike objects. One of the most famous of Donne's conceits is found in â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† where he compares two lovers who are separated to the two legs of a compass. Donne's works are also witty, employing paradoxes, puns, and subtle yet remarkable analogies.His pieces are often ironic and cynical, especially regarding love and human motives. Common subjects of Donne's poems are love (especially in his early life), death (especially after his wife's death), and religion. John Donne's poetry represented a shift from classical forms to more personal poetry. Donne is noted for his poetic metre, which was structured with changing and jagged rhythms that closely resemble casual speech (it was for this that the more classical-minded Ben Jonson commented that â€Å"Donne, for not keeping of accent, deserved hanging†).Some s cholars believe that Donne's literary works reflect the changing trends of his life, with love poetry and satires from his youth and religious sermons during his later years. Other scholars, such as Helen Gardner, question the validity of this dating—most of his poems were published posthumously (1633). The exception to these is his Anniversaries which were published in 1612 and Devotions upon Emergent Occasions published in 1624. His sermons are also dated, sometimes specifically by date and year. LegacyDonne is commemorated as a priest in the calendar of the Church of England and in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on 31 March. Sylvia Plath, interviewed on BBC Radio in late 1962, said the following about a book review of her collection of poems titled The Colossus that had been published in the United Kingdom two years earlier: â€Å"I remember being appalled when someone criticised me for beginning just like John Donne but not quite man aging to finish like John Donne, and I felt the weight of English literature on me at that point. The memorial to Donne, modelled after the engraving pictured above, was one of the few such memorials to survive the Great Fire of London in 1666 and now appears in St Paul's Cathedral where Donne is buried. Donne in Literature In Margaret Edson's Pulitzer prize-winning play Wit (1999), the main character, a professor of 17th century poetry specialising in Donne, is dying of cancer. The play was adapted for the HBO film Wit starring Emma Thompson. Donne's Songs and Sonnets feature in The Calligrapher (2003), a novel by Edward Docx.In the 2006 novel The Meaning of Night by Michael Cox, Donne's works are frequently quoted. Donne appears, along with his wife Anne and daughter Pegge, in the award-winning novel Conceit (2007) by Mary Novik. Joseph Brodsky has a poem called â€Å"Elegy for John Donne†. The love story of Donne and Anne More is the subject of Maeve Haran's 2010 historica l novel The Lady and the Poet. An excerpt from â€Å"Meditation 17 Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions† serves as the opening for Ernest Hemingway's For Whom The Bell Tolls. Marilynne Robinson's Pulitzer prize-winning novel Gilead makes several references to Donne's work.Donne is the favourite poet of Dorothy Sayers' fictional detective Lord Peter Wimsey, and the Wimsey books include numerous quotations from, and allusions to, his work. Donne's poem ‘A Fever' (incorrectly called ‘The Fever') is mentioned in the penultimate paragraph of the novel â€Å"The Silence of the Lambs† by Thomas Harris. Edmund â€Å"Bunny† Corcoran writes a paper on Donne in Donna Tartt's novel The Secret History, in which he ties together Donne and Izaak Walton with help of an imaginary philosophy called â€Å"Metahemeralism†.Donne plays a significant role in Christie Dickason's The Noble Assassin (2011), a novel based on the life of Donne's patron and putative lover, L ucy Russell, Countess of Bedford. Donne in Popular Culture John Renbourn, on his 1966 debut album John Renbourn, sings a version of the poem, â€Å"Song: Go and Catch a Falling Star†. (He alters the last line to â€Å"False, ere I count one, two, three. â€Å") Tarwater, in their album Salon des Refuses, have put â€Å"The Relic† to song.The plot of Neil Gaiman's novel Stardust is based upon the poem â€Å"Song: Go and Catch a Falling Star,† with the fallen star turned into a major character. Bob Chilcott has arranged a choral piece to Donne's â€Å"Go and Catch a Falling Star†. Van Morrison pays tribute to the poet on â€Å"Rave On John Donne† and makes references in many other songs. Lost in Austen, the British mini series based on Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, has Bingley refer to Donne when he describes taking Jane to America, â€Å"John Donne, don't you know? ‘License my roving hands,' and so forth. † Las

Improved writing Essay

Probable Solutions: Reassign executives and match with the members Others to provide assistance whenever necessary Retrench one of the employees since two of eight executives have full-time administrative assistants anyway and only six are actually being serviced Benefits: To the employees †¢ Manageable and productive work To the company †¢ Cost savings To the supervisor †¢ Productivity improvement †¢ Less stressful †¢ Deadlines more likely to be met Draft My office provides secretarial support for the eight members of the executive team. Currently, their assignment is as follows: †¢ Jack Snieder is assigned to Ralph Cajun and Jessica Hilo †¢ Rachel King is assigned to Melanie Razor and David Thomson †¢ Bonnie Disselkoen is assigned to Samuel Daily and Frank Daily †¢ Molly Smakowski is assigned to Larry Miller and Victor Potack However, I have noticed that Jack and Rachel frequently have nothing to do, while Bonnie and Molly usually require overtime hours at least twice a month. Upon delving further, I learned that Melanie Razor and Jessica Hilo share a full-time administrative assistant who completes most of their secretarial work. On the other hand, Samuel and Frank Daily have no administrative assistant while Larry Miller’s assistant works only 15 hours a week. From this alone, we can already see a disparity in work assignments causing two of my team members to be overworked while the other two are underworked. For the former two, this could lead to stress and fatigue while for the latter two, work for them might lose its value since they have settled into boredom and lack of challenge. Moreover, the company is unnecessarily paying overtime costs. The best solution that I can see to this problem is to reassign the executives to a different member of the team. This way, the work load would be better distributed among the team members. There are no indications that the pairings of executives have anything to do with any common requirements. It may be that they were merely randomly assigned without making a careful study of the workload each executive would be giving. While present assignments can be maintained and just require the other members to assist when the other is loaded with work, this is not as good a solution because the sense of ownership will not be there. They will not have the proper motivation to turn out a good work when they will not get full credit. Another idea is retrenching one of the employees since two of eight executives have full-time administrative assistants anyway and only six are actually being serviced. This is not possible since not only would it lower morale even further, we are still unsure how much work load is given by the other six executives. If such a solution proves to be effective, this will impact a lot of factors. We will be seeing an increase in individual productivity. Each member of the team will get a boost in their morale for doing manageable work that is equally distributed. Work will be better organized and the capability of each team member will be fully tapped. This will also mean savings to the company since overtime costs will be lessened or even totally eliminated. This would affect the Supervisor’s work as well since the personnel will now be self-sufficient and self-motivated, she will have more time to focus on other administrative work. There will be less stress and deadlines are more likely to be met. MEMORANDUM To : Liz Jakowski From : My Name. Date : 02 February 2008 Subject : Productivity Improvement Currently, my office provides secretarial support for the eight members of the executive team. Their assignment is as follows: †¢ Jack Snieder is assigned to Ralph Cajun and Jessica Hilo †¢ Rachel King is assigned to Melanie Razor and David Thomson †¢ Bonnie Disselkoen is assigned to Samuel Daily and Frank Daily †¢ Molly Smakowski is assigned to Larry Miller and Victor Potack However, I have noticed that Jack and Rachel frequently have nothing to do, while Bonnie and Molly usually require overtime hours at least twice a month. Upon delving further, I learned that Melanie Razor and Jessica Hilo share a full-time administrative assistant who completes most of their secretarial work. Thus, this frees up a lot of Jack and Rachel’s time. On the other hand, Samuel and Frank Daily have no administrative assistant and are fully dependent on Bonnie while Larry Miller’s assistant works only 15 hours a week which also does not give Molly that much free time. It is apparent that there is a disparity in work assignments and work loads causing two of my team members to be overworked while the other two are under worked. This unevenness in work distribution could lead to stress and fatigue for the former two. For the latter two, there is the possibility that work for them might lose its value since they are slowly settling into a state of lethargy due to lack of a challenge. Such disparity also costs the company a lot of money in overtime costs which has to be paid to Bonnie and Molly if they are to meet the deadline imposed by the executives. I have worked my way up from a mere clerk and, until three moths ago, into an office manager. I have actual experience and exposure to what each of my staff are experiencing now. This work imbalance is certain to be taking a toll on their morale and motivation. I am, therefore, confident to recommend that we reassign the executives to a different secretarial support. This way, the work load would be better distributed among the team members. There are no indications that the pairings of executives have anything to do with any common requirements, that they cannot be separated and reassigned. It may be that they were merely randomly assigned without making a careful study of the workload each executive would be giving. Hence, I foresee that there should be no problems with regard to the executive’s preference as there may be none. It has been considered to retain present assignments and just require the other members to assist when the others seem to be loaded with work. This is not an efficient solution because of several reasons such as the sense of ownership will not be there. They will not have the proper motivation to turn out a good work when they will not get full credit. It is also a burden administratively since the supervisor would constantly have to go around and assess the work load of each individual at that particular moment. Retrenching a member of the team was also considered since there are two executives who had full-time administrative assistants anyway. This, however, cannot and will not be endorsed as this would lower morale even further and there’s the danger of losing the trust and cooperation of the team, which at this time of management changes, is an important factor. Moreover, we are still not entirely sure of the workload of the six other executives and to cut head now may be too premature. Hence, reassignment would be the best option and the proposal is as follows: †¢ Jack is assigned Ralph Cajun and Larry Miller †¢ Rachel is assigned Samuel Daily and Melanie Razor †¢ Bonnie is assigned Frank Daily and Jessica Hilo †¢ Molly is assigned David Thomson and Victor Potack This reassignment aims to address disproportionate work distribution. It is anticipated that with the work load relatively evenly distributed, we will be seeing an increase in individual productivity. Each member of the team will get a boost in their morale for doing work that is manageable. The tasks can be better organized and the capability of each team member can be explored, fully tapped and optimized. For the company, this would translate into savings on overtime costs. This would impact the Supervisor’s work, as well, such that close monitoring would no longer be as necessary as before since the staff will be self-sufficient and self-motivated. This will allow for more time to focus on other managerial and administrative work. There will be less stress as deadlines are more likely to be met. I hope that my proposal will be met with your favorable consideration.

The Vampire Diaries: The Fury Chapter One

Elena stepped into the clearing. Beneath her feet tatters of autumn leaves were freezing into the slush. Dusk had fallen, and although the storm was dying away the woods were getting colder. Elena didn't feel the cold. Neither did she mind the dark. Her pupils opened wide, gathering up tiny particles of light that would have been invisible to a human. She could see the two figures struggling beneath the great oak tree quite clearly. One had thick dark hair, which the wind had churned into a tumbled sea of waves. He was slightly taller than the other, and although Elena couldn't see his face she somehow knew his eyes were green. The other had a shock of dark hair as well, but his was fine and straight, almost like the pelt of an animal. His lips were drawn back from his teeth in fury, and the lounging grace of his body was gathered into a predator's crouch. His eyes were black. Elena watched them for several minutes without moving. She'd forgotten why she had come here, why she'd been pulled here by the echoes of their battle in her mind. This close the clamor of their anger and hatred and pain was almost deafening, like silent shouts coming from the fighters. They were locked in a death match. I wonder which of them will win, she thought. They were both wounded and bleeding, and the taller one's left arm hung at an unnatural angle. Still, he had just slammed the other against the gnarled trunk of an oak tree. His fury was so strong that Elena could feel and taste it as well as hear it, and she knew it was giving him impossible strength. And then Elena remembered why she had come. How could she have forgotten? He was hurt. His mind had summoned her here, battering her with shock waves of rage and pain. She had come to help him because she belonged to him. The two figures were down on the icy ground now, righting like wolves, snarling. Swiftly and silently Elena went to them. The one with the wavy hair and green eyes- Stefan, a voice in her mind whispered-was on top, fingers scrabbling at the other's throat. Anger washed through Elena, anger and protectiveness. She reached between the two of them to grab that choking hand, to pry the fingers up. It didn't occur to her that she shouldn't be strong enough to do this. She was strong enough; that was all. She threw her weight to the side, wrenching her captive away from his opponent. For good measure, she bore down hard on his wounded arm, knocking him flat on his face in the leaf-strewn slush. Then she began to choke him from behind. Her attack had taken him by surprise, but he was far from beaten. He struck back at her, his good hand fumbling for her throat. His thumb dug into her windpipe. Her attack had taken him by surprise, but he was far from beaten. He struck back at her, his good hand fumbling for her throat. His thumb dug into her windpipe. But he was stronger than she was. With a jerk of his shoulders, he broke her hold on him and twisted in her grasp, flinging her down. And then he was above her, his face contorted with animal fury. She hissed at him and went for his eyes with her nails, but he knocked her hand away. He was going to kill her. Even wounded, he was by far the stronger. His lips had drawn back to show teeth already stained with scarlet. Like a cobra, he was ready to strike. Then he stopped, hovering over her, his face changing. Elena saw the green eyes widen. The pupils, which had been contracted to vicious dots, sprang open. He was staring down at her as if truly seeing her for the first time. Why was he looking at her that way? Why didn't he just get it over with? But now the iron hand on her shoulder was releasing her. The animal snarl had disappeared, replaced by a look of bewilderment and wonder. He sat back, helping her to sit up, all the while gazing into her face. â€Å"Elena,† he whispered. His voice was cracked. â€Å"Elena, it's you.† Is that who I am? she thought. Elena? It didn't really matter. She cast a glance toward the old oak tree. He was still there, standing between the upthrust roots, panting, supporting himself against it with one hand. He was looking at her with his endlessly black eyes, his brows drawn together in a frown. Don't worry, she thought. I can take care of this one. He's stupid. Then she flung herself on the green-eyed one again. â€Å"Elena!† he cried as she knocked him backward. His good hand pushed at her shoulder, holding her up. â€Å"Elena, it's me, Stefan! Elena, look at me!† She was looking. All she could see was the exposed patch of skin at his neck. She hissed again, upper lip drawing back, showing him her teeth. He froze. She felt the shock reverberate through his body, saw his gaze shatter. His face went as white as if someone had struck him a blow in the stomach. He shook his head slightly on the muddy ground. â€Å"No,† he whispered. â€Å"Oh, no†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He seemed to be saying it to himself, as if he didn't expect her to hear him. He reached a hand toward her cheek, and she snapped at it. â€Å"Oh, Elena†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he whispered. The last traces of fury, of animal bloodlust, had disappeared from his face. His eyes were dazed and stricken and grieving. The last traces of fury, of animal bloodlust, had disappeared from his face. His eyes were dazed and stricken and grieving. He stared at her a moment, the pain in his eyes reaching a peak, and then he simply gave up. He stopped fighting completely. She could feel it happen, feel the resistance leave his body. He lay on the icy ground with scraps of oak leaves in his hair, staring up past her at the black and clouded sky. Finish it, his weary voice said in her mind. Elena hesitated for an instant. There was something about those eyes that called up memories inside her. Standing in the moonlight, sitting in an attic room†¦ But the memories were too vague. She couldn't get a grasp on them, and the effort made her dizzy and sick. And this one had to die, this green-eyed one called Stefan. Because he'd hurt him, the other one, the one Elena had been born to be with. No one could hurt him and live. She clamped her teeth into his throat and bit deep. She realized at once that she wasn't doing it quite right. She hadn't hit an artery or vein. She worried at the throat, angry at her own inexperience. It felt good to bite something, but not much blood was coming. Frustrated, she lifted up and bit again, feeling his body jerk in pain. Much better. She'd found a vein this time, but she hadn't torn it deeply enough. A little scratch like that wouldn't do. What she needed was to rip it right across, to let the rich hot blood stream out. Her victim shuddered as she worked to do this, teeth raking and gnawing. She was just feeling the flesh give way when hands pulled at her, lifting her from behind. Elena snarled without letting go of the throat. The hands were insistent though. An arm looped about her waist, fingers twined in her hair. She fought, clinging with teeth and nails to her prey. Let go of him. Leave him! The voice was sharp and commanding, like a blast from a cold wind. Elena recognized it and stopped struggling with the hands that pulled her away. As they deposited her on the ground and she looked up to see him, a name came into her mind. Damon. His name was Damon. She stared at him sulkily, resentful of being yanked away from her kill, but obedient. Stefan was sitting up, his neck red with blood. It was running onto his shirt. Elena licked her lips, feeling a throb like a hunger pang that seemed to come from every fiber of her being. She was dizzy again. â€Å"I thought,† Damon said aloud, â€Å"that you said she was dead.† He was looking at Stefan, who was even paler than before, if that was possible. That white face filled with infinite hopelessness. â€Å"Look at her† was all he said. A hand cupped Elena's chin, tilting her face up. She met Damon's narrowed dark eyes directly. Then long, slender fingers touched her lips, probing between them. Instinctively Elena tried to bite, but not very hard. Damon's finger found the sharp curve of a canine tooth, and Elena did bite now, giving it a nip like a kitten's. Damon's face was expressionless, his eyes hard. â€Å"Do you know where you are?† he said. Elena glanced around. Trees. â€Å"In the woods,† she said craftily, looking back at him. â€Å"And who is that?† She followed his pointing finger. â€Å"Stefan,† she said indifferently. â€Å"Your brother.† â€Å"And who am I? Do you know who I am?† She smiled up at him, showing him her pointed teeth. â€Å"Of course I do. You're Damon, and I love you.†

Leadership and a Charismatic Leader Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership and a Charismatic Leader - Assignment Example Charismatic leadership delegates authority and can exert great influence on the attitude and performance of the team through their personality and charm. They use body language and facial expressions in order to appeal to the emotions of employees and persuade them in high commitment to work (Yukl, 2001). In contrast, transformational leadership is based on a specific view of the future based on passion and energy. These leaders seek to persuade and consider the feelings of persons and encourage their participation in decision making. Great enthusiasm and energy of transformational leaders inspire employees to implement new changes and new goals into practice. The ability to motivate and inspire employees is a core for the transformational leader. In order to achieve optimal goals he/she takes into account: motivation, reward, and commitment. In contrast to charismatic leaders "transformational leaders stimulate their followers' efforts "to be innovative and creative by questioning a ssumptions, reframing problems, and approaching old situations in new ways" (Stone, et al, 2004). 2. Fiedler's Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) Theory defines three bases of leadership: relationships, power, and task. The core of this approach is to think of employees a leader works and then to score this employee on a range of scales including positive factors and negative factors. Fiedler distinguishes two types of LPC leaders: high and low leaders. It means that high LPC leaders score their employees positively while low LPC leaders see their subordinates more negatively. On these assumptions, Fiedler concludes that it is common for high LPC leaders to have positive relationships with employees and support them in achieving corporate goals while low LPC leaders do not support their subordinates putting takes and demanding the work will be done properly without personal participation. If leaders do not have good relations with employees, they can change the nature of communication with subordinates.

Consumer Behaviour Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Consumer Behaviour Report - Case Study Example However, the Australian Red Cross Blood Service has found that the youth are usually reluctant to donate blood for a variety of reasons (Australian Red Cross Service, 2007). This organization also found that most Generation Y members, who, at present, make up the youth and young adult population, are not likely to donate blood unless they receive some type of benefit for their assistance (Russell-Bennett, Hartel, Russell, & Previte, 2012). The Australian Red Cross Blood Service faces several challenges in ensuring that there are adequate supplies in blood banks. There is a need to inform Australians of the need to donate blood on a regular basis, but is forbidden from using the mass media to bear this message to the public. Literature Review In general, people today are less likely to make altruistic contributions to the betterment of society. Most people feel irritated when confronted by people seeking for money or other physical goods. The donation of blood calls for a person to do more than the mere donation of money (Kottasz, 2004). This is why blood donations are perceived in a different way from money donations. People tend to donate money more often than they donate blood. This is because consumers have different perceptions about the entire process of blood donation (France, France & Himawan, 2007). It has been established by researchers that the positive response of consumers when approached to donate blood is mainly dependent on the importance of the donation, how the consumers perceive the organization in charge of the blood donation exercise, and the consumers’ ideals or values as far as altruism is concerned. Researchers have also found that consumers who experience a feeling of empowerment or satisfaction at donating blood were also more likely to make other blood donations in future (Tscheulin & Lindenmeier, 2005). This trait was also found among the volunteers who gave of their time to assist in blood donation activities. It can therefore be said that blood donating behavior is mainly influenced by a citizen’s social values, perception of the charity establishment conducting the exercise, and the urgency of situation. In order to influence Australian citizens, the Australian Red Cross Blood Service has to use these principles to inspire more blood donation. This is particularly important because the amount in blood reserves is always subject to constant change. Organizations such as the Australian Red Cross Blood Service constantly have to increase their supplies due to changes that take place in the general society. For instance, Australia has an aging population that keeps growing. Also, the rise in the number of ooportunistic infections that are reported as well as age related illnesses make increased demands on the existing blood supplies. The emergence of new medical technologies that takes place every year also means that medical costs will escalate. The Australian government has to find ways of support ing organizations such as the Australian Red Cross Blood Service in efforts to increase the number of regular blood donors in spite of these additional costs in healthcare. In the recent past, numerous blood services organizations across the world have started

Explore how or not Song of the night matures over the course of the Essay

Explore how or not Song of the night matures over the course of the novel - Essay Example While pieces are systematically laid at differing corners, the distinguished soldier and the named student seem to have very detached lives save for their joint interest in go. After meeting in the core of the books disjointed plot lastly comes together and the narrative goes from a palpable false sense of distinct light-heartedness to a tragic notable confrontation at eventual breakneck speed. The exhibited second half can be well read in exposed half the time. The song helps in outlying or foretelling the gradual turnaround of the novel from fairly harmonious start to eventual sad end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book is told in discontinuous chapters by a Chinese teenager-going on sixteen at the beginning of the book in a Manchurian urban in the 1930s-and a Japanese fighter who ultimately comes to be posted in the region.  Manchuria has been settled by the Japanese for numerous years as the account opens, but there is an energetic insurgency pressure group. The girl, though, lives a relatively cool sheltered life. Her immense passion (and aptitude) is the pastime of go which is an ancient strategic board game accepted in Far Eastern Asia. This is equivalent in complexity to chess, and she mostly spends much of her occasion playing in the communal Square of a Thousand Winds-a location where players come for popular pick-up games of go and a place she generally effortlessly beats all comers. The girl is quickly maturing, and turns out to be sexually active over the process of the novel. However, go forever remains an interest she can indeed relate with or ret urn to. Something she can center on where she is in control and wherever she can be assured of the rules notable abilities. While singing the song, there is mirroring of both the plays on men and women similar to the disagreement between China and Japan which is a conflict that systematically progresses locally in those matching small moves as

Control Mechanisms Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Control Mechanisms Paper - Essay Example According to Long et al (n.d.): "Managers within bureaucratic control systems use primarily rules and regulations, hierarchical lines of authority, and job specifications to direct subordinates in their tasks". Certain premises of the decisions on these matters are to be supplied in advance in the form of general rules or standards, and compliance with these standards is to be enforced by centralized units. All decisions for which standards have been prescribed are cleared with or reviewed by the appropriate centralized unit to assure compliance. One way of meeting control problems of this kind is to assign to specialized administrative units in their particular area of specialization. A central office enforces the rules relating to the hiring, pay, promotion, and dismissal of personnel throughout the entire organization. The College School System determines special rules and standards in order to create a unified system of education and maintain high level of service delivery (Medei ros, Barbosa, n.d.). Also, the College School System uses some elements of clan and market mechanisms which help it to survive. Following Long et al (n.d): "Managers within clan control systems place relatively greater emphasis on the development and actualization of common values, traditions, and beliefs". The College School System follows educational values and traditions which have a great impact on its decision-making and performance. These traditions involve equal treatment of all students and high level of education, programs and activities based on human-centered approach and Christian morality. In some cases, The College School System can be seen in terms of market control mechanism when: 'managers make decisions based on price considerations" (Long et al n.d.). Many private schools are driven by this control mechanism which helps them to maintain high level of education and services. The main advantage of bureaucratic control mechanism is structure of control procedure. Control is exercised through the executive hierarchy itself. The main limitation (negative consequences) of clan and market control mechanisms is that the executive hierarchy itself does not know and cannot be expected to know enough about all the many areas of an organization's activities to make sure that all these activities are being conducted according to the expressed wishes of those higher up in the organization, the chief executive, the legislature, or the public. The chain of accountability is maintained by assigning different parts of the review process to centralized units whose personnel then become specialists in securing high standards in their respective fields. The effectiveness of clan mechanism can be explained by the fact that "the traditions and norms that clan system managers use to affect subordinate behaviors are best applied before tasks are commenced" (Long et al, n.d.). T he effectiveness of market control is explained by output control targets which allows the organization evaluate the work when it completes. The bureaucratic control mechanism determines the structure of four functions of management based on hierarchical relations. All functions and decision-making are closely connected with each other following strict rules and procedures. An important element is the mechanism employed to see that the policies laid down by the body and the top executives are carried out by the

Delegating responsibilities is the key to effective management Coursework

Delegating responsibilities is the key to effective management - Coursework Example Delegating work is truly a way to manage an organization successfully. Delegation is not meant to reduce the workload on the leader but to promote professionalism to other staff. Delegation when not well done can lead to other personnel seeing it as the abuse of power. It should be conducted in a manner that reflects it as a transfer of power and skill to another person. It also involves a process of selecting the right person to carry on, which also relies on the leader to be available for support and consultation, instead of supervision. (Jackson, 2015, p.189-190). Some leaders always think that delegating works is a way to relieve themselves from duty which should not be the case. They should guide those delegated, on how things should be done to achieve the set goals. Delegation needs a good mutual relationship between the two for it to be successful. Inadequate delegation can be like a rowing boat with only you doing the rowing. Your subordinate presence is just for the ride which leads too tiring and pressured management. (Burns, 2001, p.10). Creating a healthy environment with the subordinates is the key to delivering set goals. The relationship between a leader and junior staffs is vital in delegating task. For example, a leader who is too harsh to his subordinates may lead to the delegated task poorly performed while a leader who motivates his subordinate through rewards and promotions stand a high chance of achieving successful delegation. Delegation to be successful it must be conducted in a sequence of events that are: assignment of the task, delegation of authority, acceptance of responsibility assigned, and creation of accountability. Delegation does not relieve managers of Responsibility and accountability, that implies that managers will always be responsible and accountable for the task delegated, (Plunket & Warren, 2011, p.191-200). Developing efficient delegating strategies is the key success to productive management. When

Image read( a history of western art) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Image read( a history of western art) - Essay Example The museums that house or exhibit pictures or photos of early Christian churches include the Penn Museum which features Vaults of Heaven: Visions of Byzantium (Penn Museum); the London British Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, to name a few. The second image is similar to the painting of Jan van Eyck, entitled Man in a Red Turban in terms of the image sharing the same serene and serious facial expression and the pose that shows the left side of the face as the prominent side. The hair is also covered by a white cloth (image 2) and with a red turban for the similar image. These images also share similarities in the style of the clothes worn, especially the V-type neckline, except in color. The eyes of the images seem to be glancing at the left portion due to the position of their head. The early Renaissance paintings could be found in the following museums: National Gallery in London; Metropolitan Art Museum in New York; Museum of Fine Arts in Houston; to name a few (Encyclopedia of Art). The image made by Henry Moore entitled Reclining Figure, located at Paris, France shared exact similarities with image 3. This image was noted to have been created using white marble, in contrast to image 3 which could apparently be made from another medium: stone, wood, or bronze. These images share the same curves, with the figure of a person evidently possessing a head at its right side. These sculptures during the dada, surealism, regionalism and abstraction period within which this image was created could also be seen in the following museaums: the New York Art Galleries, the Jewish Museum, and the Whitney Museum, to name a few. These were located using the google search engine for museums with sculptures during the dada, surrealism, regionalism and abstraction

Air Force community Essay Example for Free

Air Force community Essay America is a country with diverse population groups that continue to increase every year. The medical community must keep up with the changing times and adapt their treatment practices to meet the demand of providing overall quality health care. There are many facets in which cultural differences come into play and especially during the patient provider relationship. It is important for the medical community and staff members to be prepared. In this paper, a discussion of the results from the assignment entitled the quality and culture quiz will be accomplished along with exploring and expanding on the answers that were incorrect. In areas that were answered incorrectly, responses will be proposed with situations that could improve the patient outcome in the future. (MSH, n. d. ). . The quality and culture quiz was taken twice, with an initial score of 14 and the second time was a 16 out of a total of 23 questions. Both times taking this quiz I felt I scored lower than expected. The quiz was taken twice because the initial score was so low. I was sure I could score better the second time, but the outcome was about the same before reading the correct answers. Even though I have been a medical assistant and an emergency medical technician for over 20 years it seemed to not have much of an impact when taking this quiz. In the Air Force community and further more in the medical community, diversity is touched upon but is not emphasized very much. In the clinic, we have patient rights and pamphlets available in Spanish but that is about it. I know we also have an interpreter listing for the base in case one is needed. I attribute my low score to not being exposed to many patients with diverse backgrounds and cultures and not having the training that so important in today’s society. As health care workers in the military, I believe we are sheltered to the outside happenings because we do not see or hear about community events outside of the base in our everyday work environment. (MSH, n. d. ). The areas that I did well in were: understanding that there could be cross-cultural confusion when explaining various medical information and procedures by the patient, patient’s may not report adequate health information because they cannot communicate well or the provider may misunderstand the particular symptom, as a provider being aware of personal biases and giving the proper treatment for the condition, ask direct and open-ended questions from the patient, practice creating a nonjudgmental atmosphere where the patient feels comfortable to try the medical advice of the provider, being aware that there could be underlying circumstances when not adhering to suggest medical treatment, and knowing that utilizing designated interpreters during patient encounters is ideal as compared to involving the family members because they can be often times they are too emotionally involved to tell an accurate story. (MSH, n. d. ). The areas where I need improvement and further comprehension are the impact of cultural competency on clinical outcomes, communicating and working with an interpreter, including the patient’s family during medical visits, being aware that some patient’s will seek customary healing measures before giving in to Western medicine and being aware of mannerisms from different culture groups. (MSH, n. d. ). Maintaining cultural competence in the positive and negative areas is a constant work in progress. There are changes every day that we as future health educators must work towards. It is a matter of continuing to read, research and apply what we have learned to every patient encounter and to always treat the patient as a loved one would want to be treated. It can only result in a positive result for all involved. (MSH, n. d. MSH, 2009) References: Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (1995). Health and culture: Beyond the Western Paradigm. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Retrieved on March 15, 2010. Management Sciences for Health. (n. d. ). The Providers Guide to Quality and Culture. Retrieved on March 15, 2010 from http://erc. msh. org/mainpage. cfm? file=1. 0. htmmodule=providerlanguage=Englishggroup=mgroup= Management Sciences for Health. (2009). Stronger health systems. Greater health impact. Retrieved March 15, 2010 from http://www. msh. org/.

Battle Of The Sexes And The Prisoners Dilemma Philosophy Essay

Battle Of The Sexes And The Prisoners Dilemma Philosophy Essay Ive had two experiences in the cases of Battle of Sexes and Prisoners Dilemma. My friend Chris and I once had a dispute on which movie to watch either Harry Potter or Toy Story. Both of us would like to watch both of them, but Chris would like to watch Harry Potter while I prefer Toy Story. Eventually, I suggested to watch Harry Potter first and Toy Story later. The other case happened when I was a kid. I used to lie to my mum when I was young. I always failed to hand in my homework on time. However, my teacher reported to my mom about the poor quality of my work. So my mum once inspected me and caught me for watching cartoons before finishing my homework. Then, she subjects me to study sessions at school for a year so I could catch up with my school work. However, in this year, my mom was disappointed about my attitude and I could no longer enjoy watching cartoons. Ive realized I could analyze both scenarios with Game Theory, specifically Battle of Sexes and Prisoners Dilemma. And both two games belong to Two-Person Non-Zero Sum Game, which describes a situation where a participants gain or loss is not balanced by the gains or losses of the other participant. Many common social dilemmas fall into this category, such as Centipede Game, Dictator Game (these will not be discussed in the essay) and etc. Utility Theory To support the claims of these games, the term utility has to be introduced. Utility refers to a measure of relative satisfaction. However, how much pain or pleasure a person feels and psychological effects can hardly be measured. In order to create a measurable platform for mathematicians to examine the best probable solution, numbers are assigned to notate utility for the concrete numerical reward or probability a person would gain. For instance, if I watch cartoons in order to escape from 50 difficult math questions, I will gain 50 util. Although this is relatively subjective, it is better to set a more objective measurement than having pure language description. Non-cooperative In Game Theory, we will always deal with games that allow players to cooperate or not in advance. A cooperative game refers to a game in which players have complete freedom of communication to make joint binding agreements. On the other hand, a non-cooperative game does not allow players to communicate in advance. Rationally, players would make decisions that benefit them the most. However, in some cases, like the Battle of Sexes and Prisoners Dilemma, the common interests would not be maximized by their selfishness. Zero Sum Game Zero-sum describes a situation in which a participants gain or loss is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the other participant(s). If there are n participants and their outcomes are notated as O1, O2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ On. Mathematically speaking, If player 1 uses a set of strategy A = (A1, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ , Am) and player 2 uses B = (B1, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ , Bn), the outcome Oij would have the probability xiyj, where both 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ i, j à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ m,n . The M1(x,y) = player 1, and M2(x,y) = player 2 Basically they are the expected value function for discrete X which express the expected value of their utilities. XiYj is the probability to certain decision while Ai and Bj are the respective decisions of player 1 and 2. The motivation of player is 1 to maximize M1 and of player 2 to maximize M2. In a competitive zero-sum game we have zeros of the utility functions so that M2(x,y) = -M1(x,y) which led to the term zero-sum. Therefore, it is never advantageous to inform your opponent the strategy you plan to adopt since there is only one clear winner and clear loser. So now we understand the concept that players cannot cooperate with each other. However, Battle of Sexes and Prisoners Dilemma could maximize the outcome through cooperation because they are non-zero sum game. M2(x,y) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   -M1(x,y). Notation Suppose we have two players Chris (C) and Me (M) in a game which one simultaneous move is allowed for each player the players do not know the decision made by each other. We will denote two sets of strategies as follows: S1: C = {C1, C2, C3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Cm} S2: B = {M1, M2, M3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Mn} A certain outcome Oij is resulted from a strategy from each player, Ai and Bj. Matrix: So if I pick strategy 1, Chris picks strategy 2 for himself, the outcome would become O21. Therefore, each sets of strategy between Chris and me would have a distinctive outcome, in which there are mn possibilities. However, in this essay we do not deal with many decisions, mostly 2 per person Harry Potter (HP) or Toy Story (TS), or Honest or Dishonest. So it would come down to a 22 matrix, like the following diagram shown in Two-Person Non -Zero-Sum Game. Two person Non-Zero Sum Game Non-zero-sum games are opposite to zero-sum games, and are more complicated than the zero-sum games because the sum could be negative or positive. And a two person non-zero sum game is only played by two players. In a non-zero-sum game, a normal form must give both payoffs, since the loss is not incurred by the loser, but by some other party. To illustrate a few problems, we should consider the following payoff matrix. Payoffs shows as (Player 1, Player 2) Player 1 Strategy A Strategy B Player 2 Strategy X (8,9) (6,5) Strategy Y (5,10) (1,0) Apparently, if we sum up the payoffs of player 1, we would have 8+6+5+1 = 20. While Player 2 would have the payoffs of 9+5+10 = 19. This has clearly illustrated on of the properties of a non-zero sum game. Moreover, even if their payoffs are equal, one more requirement has to be met. The sum of all outcomes has to be 0. Since we only have positive integers here, we can conclude that the sum of all outcomes in this case is strictly > 0. So this is a typical example of two-person non-zero sum game. Introduction to Pure and Mixed Strategies Suppose a player has pure strategies S1, S2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Sk in a normal form game. The probability distribution function for all these strategies with their respective probabilities: P = p1, p2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦pk are nonnegative and = 1 because the sum of the probability of all strategies has to be 1. A pure strategy is achieved when only one is equal to 1 and all other pm are 0. Then P is a pure strategy and could be expressed as P = . However, a pure strategy is also used in a mixed strategy. The pure strategy is used in mixed strategy P if some is > 0. So in a micro-scale, there are many strategies in the pure-strategy set S; and in macro-scale, these strategy-sets contribute to a bigger profile P. We define the payoffs to P as following: where m,k à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 But if the strategy set S is not pure, the strategy profile P is considered strictly mixed; and if all the strategies are pure, the profile is completely mixed. And in the completely mixed profile, the set of pure strategies in the strategy profile P is called the support of P. For instance, in a classroom has a pure strategy for teacher to teach and for student to learn. Then these strategies, teaching and learning, are the support of the mixed strategy. Payoffs are commonly expressed as So let i ( s1,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,sn) be the payoff to player i for using the pure-strategy profile (P1,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,Pn) and if S is a pure strategy set for player i. Then the total payoffs would be the product of the probability of each strategy in the strategy set S (ps ) and the payoffs of each strategy (. So if we sum up all the payoffs: I (P) = , which is again similar to the expected mean payoff function we set up in the zero-sum game section. However, a key condition here is that players choices independent from each others, so the probability that the particular pure strategies can be simply notated as . Otherwise, probability of each strategy is expressed in terms of other ones. Nash Equilibrium The Nash equilibrium concept is important because we can accurately predict how people will play a game by assuming what strategies they choose by implementing a Nash equilibrium. Also, in evolutionary processes, we can model different set of successful strategies which dominate over unsuccessful ones; and stable stationary states are often Nash equilibria. On the other hand, often do we see some Nash equilibria that seem implausible, for example, a chess player dominates the game over another. In fact they might be unstable equilibria, so we would not expect to see them in the real world in long run. Thus, the chess player understands that his strategy is too aggressive and careless, which leads to continuous losses. Eventually he will not adopt the same strategy and thus is put back to Nash equilibrium. When people appear to deviate from Nash equilibria, we can conclude that they do not understand the game, or putting to ourselves, we have misinterpreted the game they play or the payoffs we attribute to them. But in important cases, people simply do not play Nash equilibria which are better for all of us. I lied to my mom because of personal interests. The Nash equilibrium in the case between my mom and me would be both being honest. Suppose the game of n players, with strategy sets si and payoff functions I (P) = , for i = 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦n, where P is the set of strategy profiles. Let S be the set of mixed strategies for player i. where m,k à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 The fundamental Theorem of a mixed-strategy equilibrium develops the principles for finding Nash equilibria. Let P = (P1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Pn) be a mixed-strategy profile for an n-player game. For any player i, let P-i represent the mixed strategies used by all the players other than player i. The fundamental theorem of mixed-strategy Nash Equilibrium says that P is a Nash equilibrium if and only if, for any player i = 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ n with pure-strategy set Si and if s, s Si occur with positive probability in Pi, then the payoffs to s and s, when played against P-i are equal. Battle of Sexes We shall begin with my example: At the cinema (C: Chris, M: Me) M1 M2 C1 (2,1) (-1,-1) C2 (-1,-1) (1,2) *Choice 1: Harry Potter *Choice 2: Toy Story The game can be interpreted by a situation where Chris and I could not make the choice that satisfies both of them. Chris prefers Harry Potter while I prefer a movie. Consequently, if we choose our preferred activities, they would end up at (C1, M2) where the outcomes would only be (-1,-1) because both of us would like to watch the movie together. Thus the Utility Function (U): Utility from the movie + Utility from being together. Considering a rather impossible situation where both of us do not choose our preferred options (C2, M1). This dilemma has put one of us sacrifice our entertainment and join the other, like (C1, M1) or (C2,M2). Thus the total outcome could be up to 3 util instead of -2 in the other two situations. Therefore, I made a decision to give up watching Toy Story and join Chris watching Harry Potter. Let be the probability of Chris watching Harry Potter and be the probability of me watching Toy Story. Because in a mixed-strategy equilibrium, the payoff to Harry Potter and Toy Story must be equal for Chris. Payoff for me is and Chris payoff is . Since , , which makes . On the other hand, has to be 1-2/3 = 1/3. Thus, the probability for (C1, M1) or (C2, M2) = and that for (C2, M1) and (C1, M2) = Because both go Harry Potter (2/3)(1/3) = 2/9 at the same time, and similarly for Toy Story, and otherwise they miss each other. Both players do better if they can cooperate (properties of non-zero sum game), because (2,1) and (1,2) are better than . We get the same answer if we find the Nash equilibrium by finding the intersection of the players best response functions. The payoffs are as follows: To find the payoffs of Chris relative to my probability, which is similar to probability distribution function (p.d.f.). Here are the cases Similarly for player B Thus. Chris would have a lower tendency for a positive payoff since his payoff tends to decrease if 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ Prisoners Dilemma Now it is the situation of where I lied to my mom. Heres the action between me and my mom. I could choose to be honest or lie to my mom while my mom, on the other hand, could only trust me or suspect me of being dishonest. The payoff matrix is as follow (Me: I, Mom: M): I1 I2 M1 (2,2) (0,3) M2 (3,0) (-1, -1) *Choice 1: Honest/Trust *Choice 2: Dishonest/Suspect This situation is a prisoners dilemma because it sets up a few key conditions. If both my mom and I choose to be honest, I would do the homework but I will not be subject to homework session for a year, and my mom will not be upset about me. So it results in the best mutual benefits (2,2). If I lie to her and she trusts me, I am happy from watching cartoon (3,0). But if she suspects me and I am honest, I would feel like a prisoner being suspected. (0,3). And eventually, if I am dishonest and she suspects me, we would end up in a bad relationship (-1,-1). Interestingly, I would prefer (I2, M1) because I have the greatest personal utility. But if I go for greatest mutual benefits, I would choose (I1, M1). Utility Function for Me: (UI): C + H + S + R C = Utility from watching cartoon H = Utility from doing homework S = Utility from homework session R = Utility from relationship with mom Now, to further discuss Prisoners dilemma for all cases, we had rather set up some variables. I1 I2 M1 (1,1) (-y,1+x) M2 (1+x,-y) (0, 0) Now let be the probability of I play I1 and be that of M playing M1 and x,y > 0. And now we could set up the payoff functions easily with these notations. Which could be simplified into is maximized when = 0, and similarly for be maximized when = 0, regardless of what each other does. So in fact it is a mutually defect equilibrium because the best-response for each other is not the best response for both of us. Therefore, one of us should sacrifice for the others or both of us cooperate to work out the best solution. In real life, people should choose to cooperate with trust. Assume that there is a psychic gain > 0 for I and > 0 for M when both of us cooperate, in addition to the tempting payoff 1+x. If we rewrite the payoffs with these assumptions and equations, we get Which can further be simplified into The first equation shows that if player I will then play I1 and if , then player M will play M1. Apparently, I would have done it because the total mutual payoffs of (I1, M1) both my mom and I are honest and trustworthy, would be higher than that of (I2, M1) where I lie to my mom who trust me. This would happen, for instance, I could get 10 candy bars and my mom can enjoy watching TV if both of us are honest. In fact, many corporates in the real world result in such way; therefore, sometimes, cooperation with others could be beneficial to ourselves. Conclusion

Analysis of the Definitions of Abnormality

Analysis of the Definitions of Abnormality Abnormality can be described in many different ways but it is just whats not normal. The whole concept of abnormality is difficult to define and it comes in many forms that involve different features. Abnormal psychology is the division of psychology that studies people who are either abnormal or atypical, compared to members of a given society. There is also evidence that some psychological disorders are more common than some previously thought. There are different definitions of abnormality and they include: Deviation from social norms: Within every culture, there are different standards for what is seen as acceptable behaviour or socially acceptable norms. Norms are the expected ways to behave in a particular society according to the majority and for those who do not behave in such a way like everyone else is seen to break these norms. There are defined as abnormal. Social norms differ from culture to culture and what is seen as normal in one culture may be considered completely abnormal to another culture. This is an example of cultural relativism. For example in Southern Europe it is common to stand much closer to strangers, than in the UK. However, there are limitations with this definition and one is that norms can vary over-time. This means that behaviour that was seen as abnormal in one era is no longer defined as abnormal in another. An example of this is drink driving was once seen as acceptable but now it is seen as socially unacceptable. In contrast homosexuality is opposite to this. Up until 1980 homosex uality was considered a psychological disorder by the World Health Organisation (WHO), but today is considered acceptable. Failure to function adequately: Failure to function adequately (FFA) refers to the type of abnormality that prevents the individual from carrying out the different behaviours that society would expect from them. Examples of this include holding down a job, conducting successful relationships, and getting out of bed each day etc. If the person cannot cope with these demands of everyday life they are considered abnormal. Rosenhan and Seligman suggest there are seven characteristics that help define FFA and they are: unpredictably and loss of control, suffering, violates moral/social standards, irrationality, maladaptiveness (danger to self), causes of observer discomfort, and vividness and unconventionality (stands out). The strength of this definition is that is provides a practical checklist for the person to use to check their level of abnormality. However, the limitation of it is that FFA may not be linked to abnormality but to other factors such as their economic situation. Also, there are many people who take p art in harmful behaviour or is seen as threatening to one self however we do not class them as abnormal. This includes drinking alcohol, adrenaline sports, smoking and skipping classes etc. Statistical infrequency: This definition of abnormality comes under an individuals thinking, trait or behaviour. If these of the person are rare or statistically unusual, they are classified as abnormal. However, it needs to be clear how rare a behaviour or trait can be before it is classed as abnormal. For example, one person may say that if an individual who has an IQ score below or above the average level of IQ in society, they are seen as abnormal. The strength of this definition is that the statistical approach helps to address what is actually meant by normal in a statistical context. It aids us to make cut off points in terms of diagnosis. The limitations of this definition are that it fails to recognise desirable and undesirable behaviour. For the example of the IQ level being above the normal average, it wouldnt necessarily be seen as abnormal, but would be regarded as highly desirable. Conversely, obesity is seen as statistically normal but is not associated with desirable or healthy. As this definition implies that the presence of abnormal behaviour in people should be rare of statistically unusual, this is not the case. Any specific abnormal behaviour may well be unusual, but it is not unusual for people to exhibit some form of prolonged abnormal behaviour at some stage in their lives. Deviation from ideal mental health: Jahoda (1958) put forward six criteria necessary for ideal mental health and any absences of these characteristics indicted that the individual was abnormal, basically displaying deviation from the ideal mental health. The six criteria by which mental health could be measured are: Autonomy and independence Positive view of the self Accurate perception of reality Environmental mastery Positive friendships and relationships Capability for growth and development According to this given approach, the more of these six criteria are met, the healthier the individual will be. However, the limitations of this definition and theory are that it is very difficult for someone to meet the whole criteria and achieve all of the ideal characteristics all the time. For example, a person might not be able to have an environment mastery but are happy with their situation. There are very few people who can and this suggests that there are very few people who are psychologically healthy. The absence of this one criteria of ideal mental health does not indicate they are suffering from a mental disorder.

Truman Capotes In Cold Blood: A Nonfiction Murder Mystery :: In Cold Blood Essays

In Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood, the author uses a style of writing combining factual, journalistic writing with the mystery and intrigue normally found in traditional fiction novels to develop a new genre that critics found unique from the modernists of his time. In the beginning of this book, the murders and victims seem unrelated, but as the book moves ahead, the relationship becomes clear. The victims, who are the Clutter family of four, are the typical all-American family. The family is murdered in their own home by two ex-convicts named Dick and Perry. The murder takes place in Holcomb, Kansas, but Dick and Perry travel around the U.S. and Mexico cashing bad checks until they are finally caught in Las Vegas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capote’s general style revolves around a family and home destroyed within a context of hidden corruption, alienation, and loneliness (Kazin). His sympathy and compassion towards his characters shows how involved he is in his subjects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capote’s writing style in the book In Cold Blood is very straightforward. He writes from an omniscient point of view. In preparing to write In Cold Blood, Mr. Capote lived in the town for five years. In the course of that time, he interviewed everyone including the two murders Dick and Perry. H had taken over 6,000 pages of notes. Each scene in the book is climatic like a movie (Kazin). They go back and forth the investigation in Kansas to the adventures of the murders. The writing and scenes are visual (Kazin).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truman Capote’s writing falls into the modernism period. The Clutter family represents the ideal American family. The father is a successful farmer and a prominent figure in the town. The daughter is the all-American girl â€Å"†¦be a straight-A student, the president of her class, a leader in the 4-H program and the Young Methodists League, a skilled rider, an excellent musician (piano, clarinet), an annual winner at the county fair (pastry, preserves, needlework, flower arrangement)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (18). Capote is also experimental with his formatting of the book by cutting from scene to scene to make the reader feel as if they are reading two stories at the same time. That reinforces the thought and fact that the two things are happening at the same time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book can be considered both journalism and novelism (Langbaum). Truman Capote's In Cold Blood: A Nonfiction Murder Mystery :: In Cold Blood Essays In Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood, the author uses a style of writing combining factual, journalistic writing with the mystery and intrigue normally found in traditional fiction novels to develop a new genre that critics found unique from the modernists of his time. In the beginning of this book, the murders and victims seem unrelated, but as the book moves ahead, the relationship becomes clear. The victims, who are the Clutter family of four, are the typical all-American family. The family is murdered in their own home by two ex-convicts named Dick and Perry. The murder takes place in Holcomb, Kansas, but Dick and Perry travel around the U.S. and Mexico cashing bad checks until they are finally caught in Las Vegas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capote’s general style revolves around a family and home destroyed within a context of hidden corruption, alienation, and loneliness (Kazin). His sympathy and compassion towards his characters shows how involved he is in his subjects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capote’s writing style in the book In Cold Blood is very straightforward. He writes from an omniscient point of view. In preparing to write In Cold Blood, Mr. Capote lived in the town for five years. In the course of that time, he interviewed everyone including the two murders Dick and Perry. H had taken over 6,000 pages of notes. Each scene in the book is climatic like a movie (Kazin). They go back and forth the investigation in Kansas to the adventures of the murders. The writing and scenes are visual (Kazin).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truman Capote’s writing falls into the modernism period. The Clutter family represents the ideal American family. The father is a successful farmer and a prominent figure in the town. The daughter is the all-American girl â€Å"†¦be a straight-A student, the president of her class, a leader in the 4-H program and the Young Methodists League, a skilled rider, an excellent musician (piano, clarinet), an annual winner at the county fair (pastry, preserves, needlework, flower arrangement)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (18). Capote is also experimental with his formatting of the book by cutting from scene to scene to make the reader feel as if they are reading two stories at the same time. That reinforces the thought and fact that the two things are happening at the same time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book can be considered both journalism and novelism (Langbaum).

american character - then and now Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  American Character - Then and Now   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A notion that still holds strong today, Fredrick Jackson Turner’s idea of American character was one based on trials and experiences. Unlike Crevecour, Turner believed that American character was not simply a product of English character transported to America, but rather another idea altogether (Faragher 63). He expressed this opinion the best when he said, â€Å"In the crucible of the frontier the immigrants were Americanized, liberated, and fused into a mixed race, English in neither nationality nor characteristics† (Faragher 64). How exactly did American character form and what defines it? Turner answered this question with the Turner thesis, using the concept of the pioneer and the immigrants who followed him to explain the western frontier and its expansion (Faragher 70). The following paragraphs will help describe how American character has manifested itself in today’s society by integrating ideas from Frederick Jackson Turner, Charles Wilson Peale, and heroes depicted in different forms of entertainment during the rise and fall of the western frontier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Rereading America â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History†, ideas from an author of A New Guide for Immigrants (Mid-American Frontier) by the name of Peck were used to further stress the significance of the Turner thesis in our world today (Peck 42). In his book, Peck identified three different stages or waves of western civilization. The first stage is sort of the epitome of what is now recognized to be American character: the pioneer or farmer (Peck 43). This was a man who provided for his family by depending on vegetation and hunting. He did not care whether the land he temporarily occupied was in his ownership or not. When the area became too civilized, the pioneer moved on to make new discoveries and left his soil and house for the new wave of immigrants. Thus, introducing the second stage of western civilization. These immigrants purchased the pioneer’s land and created a way of life best described as frugal and simple, co nsisting of school houses and mills (Peck 44). The third and final stage, labeled as â€Å"the men of capital and enterprise†, is when the small villages created by the immigrants became... ...obstacle (in this case the rocky hill), and do not stop at anything to conquer this challenge. This ad also shows the toughness and rugged individuality of American character seen during the western frontier. By turning â€Å"†¦50 miles of the earth’s toughest into a yard stick,† the ad portrays the American man as being capable of doing anything . The Jeep itself is an important product all in its own, providing a sense of power and outdoors sporting, this can also be seen in SUVs like the HummerH2: big and bad. (Cosmopolitan, 297)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether it is an ad, an educational program, or a job interview, the air of American character still echoes throughout America today. It may not be seen in the struggling to provide for one’s family in today’s society, but rather the struggling of immigrants from the past helps give America an identity. In the end, American character is not just one aspect of life, particularly the first western frontier, but it consists of many waves of this western frontier, which ironically resulted in its disappearance. Thus, the close of the western frontier opened a new chapter in American life, American character, and the American dream.

India I see in 2030 Essay

i think india in 2030 will be very popular place for its historical and mysterical things that can amze any scientist,historian,archeologist,geographers NEW DELHI: India will be world’s third largest economy by 2030 but its energy demand will slow down to 4.5 per cent, global energy giant BP plc (one of the world’s leading international oil and gas companies) said today. â€Å"By 2030 China and India will be the world’s largest and third largest economies and energy consumers, jointly accounting for about 35 per cent of global population, GDP and energy demand,† BP’s chief economist Christof Ruhl said releasing BP’s Energy Outlook 2030. There would be â€Å"no surge in energy demand as India industrialises. Demand growth slows to 4.5 per cent per annum (vs. 5.5 per cent p.a. in 1999-2010) as improvements in energy efficiency partly offset the energy needs of industrialisation and infrastructure expansion.† India’s dependence on imports to meet its gas needs will jump to 47 per cent by 2030 while the same for oil will grow to 91 per cent. The nation will be 40 per cent dependent on imports to meet its coal needs. He said India remains on a lower path of energy intensity; by 2030 it consumes only about half the energy that China consumes today, at a similar income per capita level as in China today. Over the next 20 years China and India combined account for all the net increase in global coal demand, 94 per cent of net oil demand growth, 30 per cent of gas, and 48 per cent of the net growth in non-fossil fuels. Coal remains the main commercial fuel, but its share falls from 70 per cent to 55 per cent in China as a result of maturing industrial structure, and from 53 per cent to 50 per cent in India due to domestic resource constraints. Oil’s share is flat at 18 per cent in China and falls to 26 per cent in  India, constrained by prices and growing import dependency. Gas gains market share along with nuclear and renewables in both countries, BP said. In India, the share of industry continues to grow, as infrastructure development catches up and manufacturing expands to absorb a growing labour force, but it never reaches the Chinese level. â€Å"India therefore remains significantly less energy intensive, with a relatively high share of the service sector in GDP.†

Research Paper of Advertising Essay

Advertising is a form of communication in which companies promote their products and services in order to convince consumers to buy or patronize their goods. It is used to help increase the sales of the product, familiarize the consumers of a particular brand, inform people of changes in an existing product and to introduce a new product to the market. Advertising is also closely related to selling and they are barely inseparable. Their only difference is that: when a person advertises by word of mouth and by personal contact, it is called â€Å"selling†, but when we sell or try to sell by printed word, we call that â€Å"advertising†. Advertising really plays a part a big part in the success of a business. Companies spend large sums of money for the advertisements of their goods and services. In 2002, almost $236 billion was spent on advertising in the United states alone and $500 Billion worldwide. (â€Å"Advertising†,n.d.,par.3) That’s how serious adver tising is in the world of business. Advertising is very common to every marketing organization, they use advertising as a way to build sales and profits for their business. They look advertising as a form of communication in which they can promote or have a continue transactions with customers and consumers. Advertising used to help increase the sales of the product, familiarize the consumers and inform people. Advertising is also often directed to trade channels to influence wholes-sellers, distributors, or retailers to stock or promote the brand. Advertising is value primarily for its ability to enhance or improve the sales of the product or service advertised. Advertising has evolved into a very complicated and complex art. It has gotten so huge that it has developed various types and variations. Print, outdoor, broadcast, covert and public service advertising are just some of its examples. Promoting products with the use of newspapers, magazines and other print media is a part of advertising. Next is the outdoor advertising, it is where you make use of billboards, kiosks, tradeshows and events in promoting a product. Broadcast advertising is another popular medium in advertising in which makes use of the television, radio and the internet. Covert advertising is a unique method in which a product or a brand is subtly or sometimes evidently  showcased in entertainment shows like movies and television shows. Lastly, the public service advertising is a technique that makes use of advertising as an effective communication medium to convey socially relevant messages about important matters and social welfare like energy conservation, political integrity, deforestation, poverty, illiteracy and so on. (Manohar, n.d.par.7) Advertising has greatly influenced the society: from a producer directed to being consumer – driven technological advances and economic growth through increasing sales. Using videos to boast sales, videos to boost sales, videos often speaks louder than words. Youtube demonstration featuring ordinary products have attracted many of viewers online. Getting noticed doesn’t required slick production from a personnel studio. Even companies are using videos to produce an entertaining demonstration about the products. There is one company named front point Security Company become successful in using videos demonstration to expand its pool of customers. Sales marketing nowadays are using different technology to boost their sales. ( Joyner, p.81) Nowadays, with the advancement of technology, social media has been very useful not just in communication but also in marketing. With the emergence of Facebook, twitter and mobile technology it became faster and easier for the advertisers and celebrities to share their thoughts and opinions about they are endorsing. People involved in advertising know how much it is necessary to always search and think of new ways to communicate with consumers. Hence, advertising is a very dynamic field. Changes are dictated by the consumers themselves. And with the advancement of technology, it became easier to marketers to reach out and send messages. They are looking beyond the usual media to better communicate with people from different walks of life. Now, the advertising strategy does not only include print advertising but also commercials to be run on network television and internet websites. Television is one the most powerful mediums in advertising. People can instantly unwind and relax once they get in front of the TV. Another factor that makes television more effective than the others is that it can reach vast of number of people since a most of the people now own a television or has access to one. Television advertisements have the power to involve the viewers’ emotions into the advertisements. They may feel sad, happy, angry, etc. whenever they watch certain commercials on TV, depending on what is  being depicted on the product advertisement. More importantly, the outstanding advantage of television for advertising is that it enables the advertiser to vitalize his message to millions of prospects with the aid of sight and sound, he can enliven his advertising, add interest to his sales talk, and present arguments in a personal and vivid manner, the advertiser can make his viewers to receptive to his sales message. Using celebrities to endorse a product is one strategy advertiser’s use in their product advertisements. They use celebrities because they have recognized and seen the power of celebrities in controlling the buying the decisions of the consumers. They rely mainly on the celebrity’s popularity and credibility to persuade consumers in purchasing or in patronizing their products. Advertisers think that with the use of celebrities, they can establish instant brand recall, refresh and add new significance to the brand image. This is possible because celebrities create positive feelings toward a brand and consumers perceive them to be very entertaining once they appear on the advertisements. (Boorstin, 2005) Celebrity endorsements carry a lot of benefits for the company of the product they are endorsing. That is why the companies are so much eager to hire them to promote their goods and services. One of the advantages in celebrity endorsements is an instant establishment of credibility. This means with the celebrity’s approval in promoting a certain brand or product it creates a sense of trust for the brand among the target consumers. Another is the guaranteed attention of the viewers of the advertisements. Using celebrities or well-known personalities would make it more noticeable and interesting, therefore grabbing the attention of the viewer. Another advantage is the higher degree of recall or the extent in which a consumer can remember the brand (Boorstin, 2005). The recall value will rise if people will perceive the brand and the celebrity as two equal elements. Since celebrities are adored and idolized by their fans, they are being tapped to influence the fans towards their endorsed brand. Lastly, celebrity can also compensate for the lack of innovative ideas of the advertisers. Celebrities have penetrated the world of advertising and business. Their faces are literally can be seen everywhere. Numerous companies are now turning to celebrities to promote their products and services in hope of increasing their sales or attracting more customers. Just like what the Pantene now are doing. They  get the number one endorser in the Philippines Ms. Kris Aquino to promote and endorse their product. Kris Aquino is known to be top endorser of the Philippines (Yes! Magazine, 2011). Being the most influential and most acknowledge endorser in the Philippines for two consecutive years the queen of all media grabbed the top spot in the list. The use of celebrities as endorsers has been so popular as it has been so costly to many producers, but the question that must be answered is that do the sales pay off, if not outweigh, the amount it cost the manufacture to hire those celebrities. According to a July 2011 paper, a conclusion that endorsement were effective and helpful, in boosting up the sales by the $ 10 million a year, on average was drawn after conducting a study thus it really pays off (Plank, p.48) Researchers shown that more than 20 percent of all TV advertisement includes celebrities and advertisers pay a lot of money for their services ( Belch & Belch, 2001) and advertisers are ready to pay a lot of money to celebrities who are liked and respected by the consumers. Celebrity endorsements still are powerful forces for brands to use to support themselves. But more importantly, those who respond to celebrity endorsers on social media are themselves far more likely to follow and respond to follow and respond to b rands on social media. Celebrities are hired as endorsers because they could bring the products to fame among the public. The main tasks they do are to introduce and recommend the product. They become effective once the consumer associate them, who are considered meaningful people by the latter, with the commodity for sale. (Fowles, pp. 126-127) If there are advantages in celebrity endorsements, there must be also be disadvantages. Celebrities are not perfect and are just normal and they are also a human. His they are prone in making mistakes too. It can be very damaging to the image of a brand when famous personalities misbehave. That is why companies immediately act quickly when something wrong happens. Since the behavior of the celebrities reflects, on a brand, celebrity endorsers may at times become liabilities to the brands they are endorsing ( Fowles, n.d., p.126). Sometimes, too much product endorsements can also be bad to the celebrity and the brands she/he endorsing or advertising. The uniqueness of the endorsement can be weakened if the celebrity does too many advertisements, thus overexposing the celebrity. At times, mistakes can be seen: celebrities getting caught using the  competitor’s brand instead of the product they are endorsing. Like in the case of Britney Spears, who was caught repeatedly drinking Coca-Cola when at that time she was still endorsing Pepsi. Despite the several advantages a celebrity may give to a brand, one mistake it does can be crucial to the company and to the celebrity themselves. ( Katyal. N.d., par. 16) Using celebrities is not a guarantee that the products that they are endorsing will immediately click with the consumers. Sometimes it might succeed and sometimes it might not just work. Here are some examples of successful celebrity endorsements and what made it successful. According to the website of Yes magazine the top ten celebrity endorsers of 2011 were: Kris Aquino, John Llyod Cruz, Sharon Cuneta, Piolo Pascual, Carmina Villaroel, Kim Chui, Sarah Geronimo, Judy Ann Santos, Anne Curtis and Robin Padilla. These celebrities did well in their endorsements mainly because they have managed to connect themselves and the product that they are endorsing. A good campaign brand and an intrinsic link between the celebrity and the message are musts for a successful campaign. ( Boorstin , n.d.,). The consumers were able to find the connection between the celebrities and the product as a result; the advertising message was successfully relayed by the celebrity. Another reason that made them very successful as product endorsers is the fact that they are really big names in the world of show business. They have maintained a good reputation throughout the years; as a result, the consumers began to trust them and began patronizing their products. If celebrities would right away to make a product click to the market, think again. Not all the celebrity endorsements succeed. At times, celebrity endorsement fails because the message the celebrities want to convey to the viewers about the product is not cl early understood. If the consumers find no connection between the celebrity endorser and the product which the celebrity endorser is endorsing, the endorsement will most likely fail and the failure to carry it out well in the advertisements will result to the unsuccessful relay of the message. (Fowles,1996, p. 129-131). The compatibility of the celebrity’s persona with the overall brand image is very important, as a celebrity imparts credibility and inspirational value to a brand and his/her image should perfectly match the brands image. In having an advertisement make sure that the audience will believe in any detail the advertisement has (Popeil, n.p.,par.1). The manner in which  consumers select, take in and process information becomes increasingly important as the marketplace changes and becomes a global one. If consumer’s process and store information this means that to consumers everything they see hear and feel about brands and products is simply a form of advertising. Consumer’s perceptions of a company and or its various brands are a synthesis of the bundle of messages they receive or contacts. A celebrity endorser is â€Å"any individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement† (McCracken, 1989, p. 310). Celebrity is used to impart credibility and aspirational values to a brand, but the celebrity needs to match the product. A good brand campaign idea and an intrinsic link between the celebrity and the message are musts for a successful campaign. Celebrities are no doubt good at generating attention, recall and positive attitudes towards advertising provided that they are supporting a good idea and there is an explicit fit between them and the brand. On the other hand, they are rendered useless when it comes to the actual efficiency of the core product, creating positive attitudes to brands, purchase intentions and actual sales. Celebrities are people who enjoy public recognition by a large share of a certain group of people. Whereas attributes like attractiveness, extraordinary lifestyle or special skills are just examples and specific common characteristics cannot be observed, it can be said that within a corresponding social group, celebrities generally different from the social normal human. When it comes in advertising celebrities have their own strategy where when they advertise people will immediately recall the product that they are endorsing. Advertisers believe that when they get a celebrity to endorse their product it will help them to increase their sales and also it will be easy for them to promote because celebrities can always see in television and some people are patronizing them. According to Daniel J Boorsting â€Å"A sign of a celebrity is that his or her name is often worth than his or her services† many people consumed their entire lives listening to what their favorite celebritie s are saying about. A consumer’s decision in choosing a brand is greatly affected by an advertisement seen prior to the purchase. The number of goods purchased would only be measurable if the total number of consumers is controlled. Being entertained, being bombarded with sales talk, whether positive or  negative, celebrity endorsement has really proven to affect decisions of consumers although; the mentality on advertising still remains the same. All we really need is credible information. The top endorser in the Philippines Kris Aquino is a sample of a good and well known endorser. Kris Aquino is the top endorser and most payable endorser in the Philippines. Kris Aquino is very in demand endorser in the Philippines and many advertisers believe in her effectiveness in endorsing a certain product. The Pantene shampoo is one of the product that’s Ms. Kris Aquino is endorsing. But is Ms. Kris Aquino effective enough to catch the attention of female consumer? Maybe, since lot of women idolize Kris Aquino. One of the reasons why people like her so much are because of her personality, she is unpredictable, always stirs controversies. Her personality is blunt; she will criticize and comment with her honest opinion about issues, things, events and everything around her. She speaks her mind, often times tackles. She is likewise intriguing because of her personality. Talent, she has the talent to connect to audiences, to the masses, she knows how to act, react, communicate and how to show how ordinary she could be just like everybody else. Personal story or life, her life is like a novella, from time to time, there is a twist. New lovers, new things about her kids, her past, her relationship to anybody else, showbiz or non-showbiz, there is always an issue about her like that ma ke her interesting. Family and popularity, she is the daughter of Ninoy Aquino and Former President Cory Aquino. She comes from a line of Filipino royalty, they symbolize, democracy, simplicity, honesty, leadership, more or less, they represent the good in this country. They are the defender, fighter, leader of the country and its citizen. Also, one of the reasons why people follow her is because of her family legacy. Lately, her issues, life came to boring phase because she tries her best not to bring any controversy while her older brother Noynoy is the president. Being a president’s sister and having a family loved by people should have public humility. She should be wise and humble enough to bring disgrace. Her personality and characteristics are maybe the reason why she can catch many women to idolize and patronize her. Kris Aquino advertising plays perspective in from Pantene Management Female consumers Conviction. Pantene management believes in Kris Aquino transparency leading to authenticity. Pantene hair fall control get Kris Aquino to endorse their product. Despite  of Kris Aquino negative attitude like being tough and being prank the Pantene management chooses to have Kris Aquino. Pantene management hopes that after having the most in demand endorser in the Philippines it will help them to boost their sales and will be easy for them to promote their product. Getting Kris Aquino is a strategy for pantene to promote their product. Pantene is relying in Kris Aquino credibility and celebrity status. Kris Aquino assures that every time she will be seen in TV her look is good and every time she will be aired she never forget to tell people what are the secrets behind of her looks. As people see that Kris Aquino is looking better, the people will be curious about what she is telling about, that’s maybe the reason many are following her in every endorsement she has. Regardless of some people hates her still many believe in her advertising power and many still idolize her even there are people who makes bad stories about her, and maybe that is one the reason why Kris Aquino always stands number one in the celebrity stratosphere. Being an influential celebrity brings Kris Aquino to be effective endorser of the Pantene product. Also it helps Pantene to promote their product to the female consumer. Advertising is very common in todays generation and every advertisers have their own strategy on how will they make their products be known and famous to the consumer. Pantene is lucky because many companies are distant to have Kris Aquino but lucky for them that they able to have the top endorser in the Philippines. According to John Morley† Even good opinions are worth very little unless we hold them in the broad, intelligent, and spacious way.† Kris Aquino being on the top endorser in Philippines because she is completely believable in every endorsement she has and when she is on air what is happening is real. The researchers conclude that advertising is very common in any business. The researchers wrap up that every business must be advertised for them to be known and for them to promote their product . It is not easy to have an advertisement there are many tricky things may occur before having an advertisement because advertisement is not easy to produce, also it costs a lot. Before having advertisement the company must be ready financially. Approval of a brand by a star fosters a sense of trust that brand among the target audience. This is especially true in case of new product. Celebrities ensure attention of the target group by breaking the clutter of  advertisements and making the advertisement and the brand more noticeable. A celebrity’s preference for a brand gives out a persuasive message and hence, because the celebrity’s benefiting from the brand, the consumer will also benefit. For anybody who has ever tuned in to television, watched a movie, or driven down major thoroughfares, it’s hard not to notice the numerous advertisements that Kris Aquino has. From food products to housewares, the host of the top-rated daily lifestyle show Kris TV is definitely on top of the list when it comes to being a trusted endorser. It cannot be denied that Kris Aquino is the top endorser in the Philippines that having her as an endorser is really effective to endorse a certain product. And despite of her busy schedule she assures the she was able to give time to her fans and to product that that she is endorsing. Kris Aquino is the kind of celebrity endorser that if what she is endorsing she guarantee that when you use the product she endorse you will not be disappointed, because people know that Kris Aquino is very choosy when it comes to her advertisements and she is very demanding in all the things that is wrong for her. Lastly, the Pantene product were very lucky because they able to have Ms. Kris Aquino to endorse their product and the researchers conclude that having Kris Aquino will help the Pantene to boost and increase their sales because of Kris Aquino popularity to women and many women believe in her despite of her negative attitudes, still she is the most effective endorser in the Philippines. References Almo, N. (2011 October 04). Kris Aquino on being an effective endorser: â€Å"What you see is what you get.† Philippine entertainment portal. Retrived from http://www.pep.ph A, G., & Berkman, H. (1980). Advertsing: Concepts and Strategies. NY:Random House,G43. Barnes, B., & Schultz. 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