The importance of recycling water to prevent polution Essay

The importance of recycling water to prevent polution - Essay Example er areas within the environment (Onsola, Para 3). Water has a wide range of importance, and that is advocated to recycle it in order prevent pollution. Recycling of water is a significant gesture in the present world and for the coming future generations. Water recycling provides a wide range of environmental benefits that are imperative for living. Measures of water recycling facilitate decrease on the extraction from available sources, which supports of habitats. In circumstances where water sources have been endangered through over extraction such as in forests many animal lives have been put into high risk. This proves the importance of water in the environment and also the side effects that have the capability to arise once issues have not been fixed (Onsola, Para 5). Recycling of waste water has been proved to be effective in decreasing the rate of discharge of effluents, which have a high capability of polluting the ecosystems of sensitive and imperative bodies of water. These measures have continued to score high especially in circumstances whereby various forms of life depend exclusively on water for consumption. Recycling of water has also a wide range of f8importance in terms of creating totally new wetlands and in at the same time facilitating quality of life to the existing creatures. Recycling of water has also proved to aid in cushioning of the deteriorating global warming. This is an essential approach since global warming is a serious phenomenon that affects all living forms in a large negative manner (Putatunda, Para 5). Preventing of water pollution is everyone’s responsibility, and it is under this scenario that many organizations have been taking corporate social responsibility activities of minimizing water pollution. This has a close connection with the wide range of importance’s that have been attached to water. However, every living creature cannot do without consumption of water, and this tends to explain the importance of this

High school Essay Example for Free

High school Essay ?Many high school students in Vietnam are confused whether or not they should be enforced to participate in volunteering. On September 30th 2011, Ms. Pham Phuong Thao started to share her opinions about this concern by writing the â€Å"Student- Help Our Country† article in Community Action Blog spot. On the contrary side, one month after that by 3rd October 2011, Mr. Andy Nguyen has posted â€Å"Student Deserve Choice† article on the same Blog space. These two authors represent completely different views on the topic â€Å"volunteering and students†. The aim of this essay is to critically respond to the authors argument. In Pham’s article, she asserts that it should be compulsory for Vietnamese high school students to do volunteering for helping with their society problems, for example, the problems of orphan and kid street or flooding. She has two strong points for supporting her view. First of all, she thinks that the students to do volunteering will help the society and also save the government budget. On the second point, she expresses that there are even benefits that the students can gain by attending in voluntary works. She explains in details that they can learn several useful soft skills such as leadership, communication interaction, planning, logistics in which they can apply in their future life. In contrast, Mr. Nguyen debates that it is impractical and unfair for high school students to be forced to do voluntary works in Vietnam. He also has two reasons for his argument He interprets that the student’s willingness to join in volunteering is the key point however in reality only few student want to donate like this way. He explains if the government try forcing unwilling people to volunteer, this work make less efficient. Besides, he concludes the government should be held on responsible for country‘s problems instead of fully relying on students volunteering. There are several problems with Pham’s argument that when the students attend in voluntary works they can gain various useful skills for their future life. The purpose of volunteerism is that they need entourage to work according to their requirements rather than giving the students official skill trainings. Therefore, there is not guarantee that students can get those skills are mentioned above. Besides, those skills are not suitable the kids who are studying high school period. Mr. Nguyen’s opinions deserve to get attention when he declares that the students do not concern on helping their humanity real problems such as the orphans, the street kids. And, they think they should have the right to make decision on their volunteering approach instead of forcing by government. It cannot be denied that Vietnamese high school students are affected by the poor quality education on the way from kindergarten to high school. The school never focuses on teaching about human value, self motivation and living skills but teaching a lot of redundant academic knowledge. Therefore, the students do not really want to share their life to help person who bears one’s tribulations. In additional, people must acknowledge that the â€Å"volunteer† definition means â€Å"a person who voluntarily undertakes or expresses a willingness to undertake a service† (http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/volunteer). According to the above definition the enforcement of voluntary tasks does not make sense. Pham makes a weak statement when she supports that government should enforce the high school students to join in the volunteering due to lack of human resource. In contrary, Nguyen’ argument that government should solve country’s problems by themselves because the students are not eager to help, is more convincing. The government is the highest and the most powerful organization in the country so that they have full responsible for dealing with any national and social issues. They can determinate on using their yearly revenue. Take, for example, there are many parents put their children in front of orphan house because they cannot afford their living cost. The government can hire labor to build more orphan house and funding for those associations instead of spending the budget on sport and recreational activities. Another reason is kids who are at the high school age focus on general academic knowledge. More to the point, they also have not enough abilities to handle with society’s issues. Furthermore, it is true to say that most of high school students think they make their own choice to contribute in volunteering because they feel more comfortable and enthusiasm. Volunteering is a good works just in case kids do it with whole their hearts. In conclusion, Ms. Pham’s expression that government should force the high school students to join in the voluntary programs is not convincing the readers. In the contrast, Mr. Nguyen argues that the student can make their choice in volunteering is more persuading. Every nation always support for the freedom of their society so they respect the choice of their citizens. The most important is to provide the sufficient education so that people have enough knowledge to make their own decision.

The Lost Eden Essay -- Literary Analysis

The Lost Eden The story of Martin Eden is a dark but interesting one, written by Jack London, an author from early 20th Century California. Martin’s life is difficult, as he decides to defy society and join the upper class, ultimately alienating his own class while realizing the superficiality of the upper class. Through this journey, Martin embodies and evolves through three main personas, mind sets, or personalities. In the beginning, â€Å"Martin’s feeling of social inadequacy developed†(Sinclair 145), as he is a man seeking approval of society, trying to become a successful writer and win the love of an upper class woman, Ruth Morse. Then he turns into a man bent against society, or perhaps merely in great disproval, for his futile efforts to become a writer are thwarted and laughed at by everyone, from the editors of the magazines to his beloved Ruth and her family. Once Martin does become famous and rich, â€Å"his success snowballs, he is lionized by society† (La bor 118), but Martin â€Å"wishes he had never opened the books† (Lundquist 149). Through all of these struggles, Martin truly embodies none other than the author, Jack London, as the entire novel is something of an autobiography. London is â€Å"confronting himself in Martin† (Bader 150), although it is very true that Martin Eden is â€Å"a novel rather than straight autobiography†, â€Å"deliberately introspective† (Lundquist 150). Martin Eden is first a man who wishes to assimilate with high society, the upper class, as he believes that the upper class possesses an infinite amount of beauty and knowledge. Martin’s first true glimpses of the upper class come when he is invited to the Morse home, after saving Arthur Morse from a â€Å"gang of waterfront thugs† (Labor 117). This is ironic because M... ...n. 1909. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1984. Print. Lundquist, James. Jack London: Adventures, Ideas, and Fiction. New York, New York: The Ungar Publishing Company, 1987. Print. Magill, Frank N. â€Å"Jack London.† Critical Survey of Long Fiction. Vol. 4. Englewood Cliffs: Salem Press, Inc., 1983. 1691-1699. Print. - - -. â€Å"Jack London.† Critical Survey of Short Fiction. Vol. 5. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem Press, 1981. 1809-1813. Print. New American Bible. New York: Catholic Book Publishing, Co., 1991. Print. O’Conner, Richard. Jack London: A Biography. N.p.: Little, Brown, and Company, 1964. Print. Sinclair, Andrew. Jack: A Biography of Jack London. New York, NY: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1977. Print. Verde, Tom. â€Å"London, Jack.† Twentieth-Century Writers 1900–1950, American Profiles. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1993. American History Online. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. The Lost Eden Essay -- Literary Analysis The Lost Eden The story of Martin Eden is a dark but interesting one, written by Jack London, an author from early 20th Century California. Martin’s life is difficult, as he decides to defy society and join the upper class, ultimately alienating his own class while realizing the superficiality of the upper class. Through this journey, Martin embodies and evolves through three main personas, mind sets, or personalities. In the beginning, â€Å"Martin’s feeling of social inadequacy developed†(Sinclair 145), as he is a man seeking approval of society, trying to become a successful writer and win the love of an upper class woman, Ruth Morse. Then he turns into a man bent against society, or perhaps merely in great disproval, for his futile efforts to become a writer are thwarted and laughed at by everyone, from the editors of the magazines to his beloved Ruth and her family. Once Martin does become famous and rich, â€Å"his success snowballs, he is lionized by society† (La bor 118), but Martin â€Å"wishes he had never opened the books† (Lundquist 149). Through all of these struggles, Martin truly embodies none other than the author, Jack London, as the entire novel is something of an autobiography. London is â€Å"confronting himself in Martin† (Bader 150), although it is very true that Martin Eden is â€Å"a novel rather than straight autobiography†, â€Å"deliberately introspective† (Lundquist 150). Martin Eden is first a man who wishes to assimilate with high society, the upper class, as he believes that the upper class possesses an infinite amount of beauty and knowledge. Martin’s first true glimpses of the upper class come when he is invited to the Morse home, after saving Arthur Morse from a â€Å"gang of waterfront thugs† (Labor 117). This is ironic because M... ...n. 1909. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1984. Print. Lundquist, James. Jack London: Adventures, Ideas, and Fiction. New York, New York: The Ungar Publishing Company, 1987. Print. Magill, Frank N. â€Å"Jack London.† Critical Survey of Long Fiction. Vol. 4. Englewood Cliffs: Salem Press, Inc., 1983. 1691-1699. Print. - - -. â€Å"Jack London.† Critical Survey of Short Fiction. Vol. 5. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem Press, 1981. 1809-1813. Print. New American Bible. New York: Catholic Book Publishing, Co., 1991. Print. O’Conner, Richard. Jack London: A Biography. N.p.: Little, Brown, and Company, 1964. Print. Sinclair, Andrew. Jack: A Biography of Jack London. New York, NY: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1977. Print. Verde, Tom. â€Å"London, Jack.† Twentieth-Century Writers 1900–1950, American Profiles. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1993. American History Online. Web. 22 Nov. 2011.

History of Marketing

The History Of Marketing As of today, we understand marketing to be a process where the goal is to know the needs of the costumer, and match these with the organizations ability to fulfill these expectations. For this to happen successfully, it is important that the organizations understands both who the costumer is, what value the costumer requires, as well as how to deliver this value in the best possible way. Had it not been for the history of marketing as we know it, our view on modern marketing might have been very different.Whether the difference would have made a positive or negative impact is hard to know, but one thing is certain. The history of marketing is important to understand in order to learn about marketing itself. Even though marketing is known to have had a massive development during the twentieth century, traces of marketing theories can be found long before this time. As an example of this, Ambler (2004) traces marketing thought to the Middle ages with the first formal analysis of buyer motivation by Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) and St Bernardino of Siena`s (1380-1444) recognition of function, market price and psychological benefits.Egan (2008:p5). This is evidence that marketing theories has been around for hundreds of years, even though, during the twentieth century, it became more of a specialist market with independent discipline. As the market in USA at the end of the nineteenth century was changing from a sellers market to a buyers market, marketing started becoming a topic for discussion. USA now had a wider market for a growing middle class, with lower prices and more VARER available, whereas European, notably the UK, had a society consisting of a few wealthy people with most of the country’s money, and many poor with no money to spend on goods.Still, one thing was for sure, during the production era the Industrial Revolution led to a massive and more effective production of VARER (various goods? ). Marketers soon began to unders tand that this new market that was evolving needed a change of attitude from the producers. The products needed to be desired from the consumer, and not just expected to be bought because it was available and affordable. By 1910 people started writing literature in relations to marketing, and the interest around the subject was growing. The Sales Era lasted from about the mid- 1920s to the early 1950s.By this time the demand for products made by consumers started to decrease. The understanding that the products would need to be â€Å"sold† to the consumer was in focus, and the importance of sales was given more attention. This was the time when the actual word â€Å"marketing† was added to the commercial lexicon. Egan (2008:p7). 1930-40 was a time where the development of previous ideas were emphasized, and many approaches were VURDERT During these years, both The Journal of Marketing, a collection of journals about marketing, and the magazine Marketing were published. The third and current period in the history of business, The Marketing Era, also called the era of costumer orientation, began in the 1950s. In the beginning of this period, marketing management was given a lot of attention. This resulted in more attention being given to the study of how marketing should function, as appose to how it already functioning. Also, solving problems and making decisions were emphasized. The theory that extensive promotion and efficient production of products were not a guarantee that costumers would desire them was discussed by many businesspeople.As a result of this, these businesses found that it would be better to first understand what costumers wanted, and then produce this, as appose to producing something and later trying to change the costumers needs so that it would fit the business` production. Modern marketing developed in a time post world war two, a time where Television was more accessible for the middle class, and gave huge opportunities for advertisement. Also, in this time European economy was recovering again, and the spending of the average consumer increased, and began to reflect on the economic situation the US had bin stuck with a decade before.The interest of marketing therefore grew, as well as the need for advertisement. During the 1960s, computer technology contributed to pushing this growth. This also led to the consumer behavior changing. In the 1970s, both the macromarketing school and the strategic planning school would be big influences on the marketing development. The macromarketing school for instance, studied the impact of marketing practices on society and society on marketing, whereas the strategic planning school explored the relationship between environmental change and change within the organization.Egan (2008:p11) In the 1990s the attitude around business changed in the US and the UK. Short term profits and their impact on the share price put marketers on the defensive from which many would su ggest they have not emerged. Egan (2008:p13). During the last twenty years of the 1900s, relationship marketing, a marketing strategy in which developing a relationship with the consumer over a longer period of time is the priority, became a central part of marketing, at the same time as it was a central topic for discussion in business management.Relationship marketing had a rapid growth was becoming a global concept, and a final product made from the influence of previous theories of marketing. This means, that during 40 years of development, marketing had evolved from consumer marketing, in the 1950s, to industrial marketing, non-profit and societal marketing in the 1970s, service marketing in the 1980s and last but not least relationship marketing in the 1990s. Marketing still is in the process of development and will continue to evolve in the years to come.Looking back on the evolution of the marketing is however a great way to both understand and continue developing marketing for the future to come, so it continues to improve and adapt to both the society we have today, and the society that we are headed for in the future.Reference: Egan J (2008) 100 years of marketing in Relationship Marketing: Exploring Relationship Marketing: Exploring Relational Strategies Third Edition Harlow: Pearson Education in Meek R. , Ryan A. , Lenney P. (2010) Marketing 2nd Ed Vol. 1 Chapter 1, Text for Lancaster University course MKTG 101. Harlow: Pearson/Custom Publishing

Assignment 205 Task A Letter

Assignment 205 Introduction to duty of care in Health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings Task B Case Study Case Study One You are a support worker for Mrs Ahmed who is 89, physically frail and lives alone. She has diabetes. Mrs Ahmed wants to eat foods that are not suitable for her medical condition, and asks you to shop for her as she is not able to get the shop herself. BiDescribe the difficulties for you in exercising your duty of care and upholding Mrs Ahmed’s right to choose.I would consult Mrs Ahmed’s care plan, and advise her about your concerns that she follow a healthy diet, stressing that she will feel much better if she does so. I would also advise her about alternative foods. BiiWhere would you go to get advice, information and support to deal with the dilemma? I would seek advice and support from my manager, and get information from Mrs Ahmed’s care plan. Case Study Two Leon Quashie lives in supported housing. He has learning disabilities. You are his support worker. Leon tells you that he has a new friend who comes to his home and plays on his games cons ole.A few days later you notice that the games console is missing. Leon tells you his new friend has borrowed it. BiiiDescribe the difficulties for you in exercising your duty of care to Leon and upholding his rights. As I am Leon’s support worker I would explain to him that I can call his friend and ask him to return the games console, if it does not get returned then I may have to inform the police. Also I would explain to Leon that I am there to protect him from being exploited or taken advantage of. I would explain to Leon he has a right to make mistakes and choose what he does with his possessions.Bivwhere could you go to get advice and support on how to ensure you uphold Leon’s rights but also follow your own duty of care? I would get advice from my manager, social worker and maybe the police. Task C Ciidentify a) Legal b) Organisational Requirements for dealing with complaints.a) The legal requirements are handled by CQC (care quality commission)b) Organisationa l requirements are Care home policies. (Manager) CiiComplaints may be received from service users, other practitioners, or the family of service users.Describe the important points to remember when responding to complaints. Listen to the complainant, give them your undivided attention, record the complaint accurately (check with the individual), tell them how and to whom the complaint will be reported to (show them your procedure), assure them that their complaint will receive attention and be resolved as soon as possible, report immediately and follow up, The complainant should be aware that their complaint has been taken seriously and a letter of acknowledgement should be sent out.

What Is an AP Test Perfect Score Do You Need One

What Is an AP Test Perfect Score Do You Need One SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you read your local newspaper, you may have seen an article about someone from your area getting a â€Å"perfect score† on an AP exam. But what is an AP test perfect score, and how is it different from a 5? Keep reading to find out what an AP exam perfect score is, what it means, how many students get one, and if it’s a goal you should be aiming for. What Is a Perfect AP Score and What Does It Signify? If you receive a perfect score on an AP exam, that means that you received every point possible on the exam.So you answered every multiple-choice question correctly and scored the maximum amount of points on every free response question. Pretty impressive! How does this relate to the score you get from 1-5? Well, if you get a perfect score you will definitely get a 5 on the exam. But your 5 won’t be worth more than anyone else’s 5. Additionally, you don’t need to get anything close to a perfect score to get a 5 on the exam. In other words, the fact that you got a perfect score doesn’t really increase the value of your standard score on the 5-point scale. In fact, your perfect score is not even reported on your score report- just the 5. When a student achievesa perfect score, the College Board usually informs the school directly in the fall. The school then informs the student. This often seems to lead to a level of minor local celebrity, with perfect scorers frequently being interviewed by local newspapers and having articles written up about them on school websites. As mentioned above, the perfect score doesn’t appear on your score report, but it’s certainly something worth reporting to colleges if it does happen because it is impressive and unusual. A perfect score would make you the slightly different yellow locker in this row of orange lockers. How Many Students Geta Perfect Score on an AP Exam? Just how unusual is it to get a perfect score on an AP exam? It depends on the exam, but no matter the test, it’s a rare feat. The College Board released a document of 2013 AP test perfect score stats, but it doesn’t appear they’ve created a similar document for 2014 or 2015. However, a series of tweets by the College Board’s head of AP, Trevor Packer, reveals all the info about how many students got perfect scores in 2015. I’ve assembled the info into a chart that shows how many perfect scores there were by number and by percentage of test-takers in 2015, as well asthe percentage of test takers who received a 5 in each exam. 2015 Perfect Scores as Compared to Fives Exam # Perfect Scores # Test-Takers % Perfect Scores % 5s Calculus AB 3 302,532 .00099% 24.6% Calculus BC 1 118,707 .00084% 48.4% AP Chemistry 3 152,745 .00196% 10.1% Computer Science A 66 48,994 .1347% 21.3% French Language 1 22,084 .0045% 18.4% US Gov and Politics 3 282,571 .00106% 11.9% Latin 1 6,571 .0152% 13.2% Macroeconomics 18 126,267 .01426% 16.1% Microeconomics 49 78,408 .0625% 15.9% Physics C: EM 1 22,789 .0044% 33.5% Physics C: Mechanics 6 52,678 .0114% 32.4% Psychology 4 276,971 .0014% 18.7% Spanish Language 7 144,561 .0048% 24.6% Statistics 2 195,526 .001% 14.3% As you can see, while at least ten percent of test takers scored a 5 on each exam,the perfect scoresare teeny, teeny, teeny percentages. Microeconomics and Computer Science A had the highest percentage of perfect scorers by a fairly large margin, but even those have minusculecounts of .0625% and .1347%, respectively. There were a small number of perfect scores for the AP Art portfolios, but since those aren’t graded via an exam, I left them off the chart. Otherwise, if a test isn’t in this chart, there were no perfect scores. AP Exams with no perfects in 2015 were: Art History, Biology, Chinese, English Language, English Literature, Environmental Science, European History, German, Comparative Government and Politics, Human Geography, Italian, Japanese, Physics 1, Physics 2, Spanish Literature, US History, World History. In sum: perfect scores on AP exams are a super-rare occurrence. Super-rare like emerald jewels. Is Getting a Perfect Score a Realistic Goal? Given how few students get them, it’s not a very attainable or realistic goal to actively try for a perfect score on an AP exam, even for a test where perfect scores are marginally more common like Microeconomics or Computer Science A. Even if you have total mastery of a subject, just one tiny mistake on test day will prevent you from getting a perfect score. Additionally,you will never know how close you were if you don’t get a perfect score- raw point totals aren’t reported to students.You could get 179/180 points and never know anything except that you got a 5. That makes a perfect score a frustrating goal in addition to a difficult one! The marginal benefit is also not that high- a small level of brief local celebrity and an impressive factoid for your college applications. If you really want to stand out to colleges, there arebetter ways to develop your applicationthat are more within your control and where your work will pay off more directly. In terms of test scores, it makes much more sense to work on getting top marks on your standardized college entrance exams like the SAT, the ACT, and SAT Subject Tests.Any solid preparation work you put in there will pay off in your reported scores, unlike on an AP exam, where you either get a perfect or you never find out your raw score. The truth is, based on local news profiles, most AP test perfect scorers are surprised to have gotten a perfect score and weren’t specifically aiming for one. So, while it’s not impossible to get a perfect score on an AP exam, particularly in a subject you are very gifted in, it’s not really worth your time to specifically aim for a perfect. Aim for a 5, do your best, and it could happen, but don’t stress overit. Reach for the stars! And by stars, I mean a 5. Key Takeaways While it won’t give you any more college credit or show up on your score report, a perfect score on an AP exam- full credit for all exam portions- is an impressive accomplishment. Only a small number of students get perfect scores each year. However, I don’t recommend making a perfect score your goal, simply because the benefits as opposed to getting a 5 are only marginal. You’d be much better served working for perfect marks on the SAT, ACT, and SAT Subject tests. What's Next? Studying for your AP exams? Learn when you need to start preparing for your AP tests to get that coveted 5. If you're taking a variety of tests, figure out whether AP exams or Subject Tests are more important for you. Wondering what the revised SAT format means for you?Or maybe you're taking the ACT and looking for all of our ACT study guide resources! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Biographical Profile of Dr. Michio Kaku

Biographical Profile of Dr. Michio Kaku Dr. Michio Kaku is an American theoretical physicist, best known as one of the founders of string field theory. He has published several books and hosts television specials and a weekly radio program. Michio Kaku specializes in public outreach and explaining complicated physics concepts in terms people can understand and appreciate. General Information Born: January 24, 1947Nationality: AmericanEthnicity: Japanese Degrees Academic Achievements Went to the National Science Fair in high school with a home-made atom smasher built in his parents garage.1968, Physics B.S. (summa cum laude) from Harvard University1972, Physics Ph.D. from University of California, Berkeley1973, lectureship at Princeton University25 years as Henry Semat Chair and Professorship in theoretical physics at the City College of New York.Has been a visiting professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton New York University. String Field Theory Work In the realm of physics research, Michio Kaku is best known as the co-founder of string field theory, which is a specific branch of the more general string theory which relies heavily on mathematically framing the theory in terms of fields. Kakus work was instrumental in showing that the field theory is consistent with known fields, such as Einsteins field equations from general relativity. Radio Television Appearances Michio Kaku is the host of two radio programs: Science Fantastic and Explorations in Science with Dr. Michio Kaku. Information about these programs can be found on Dr. Kakus official website. In addition to radio appearances, Michio Kaku frequently makes appearances on a wide variety of popular shows as a science expert, including Larry King Live, Good Morning America, Nightline, and 60 Minutes. He has hosted a number of science shows, including the Science Channel series Sci-Fi Science. Michio Kakus Books Dr. Kakus written a number of academic papers and textbooks over the years, but is especially noted among the public for his popular books on advanced theoretical physics concepts: The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind (2014)Physics of the Future  (2011)Physics of the Impossible: A Scientific Exploration Into the World of Phasers, Force Fields, Teleportation, and Time Travel  (2008)Einsteins Cosmos: How Albert Einsteins Vision Transformed Our Understanding of Space and TimeVisions: How Science Will Revolutionize the 21st Century and BeyondParallel Worlds: A Journey Through Creation, Higher Dimensions, and the Future of the Cosmos (2005)Hyperspace: A Scientific Odyssey Through Parallel Universes, Time Warps, and the Tenth Dimension Michio Kaku Quotes As a widely published author and public speaker, Dr. Kaku has  made many notable statements. Here are few of them: Physicists are made of atoms. A physicist is an attempt by an atom to understand itself.―  Michio Kaku,  Parallel Worlds: A Journey Through Creation, Higher Dimensions, and the Future of the Cosmos In some sense, gravity does not exist; what moves the planets and the stars is the distortion of space and time. To understand the difficulty of predicting the next 100 years, we have to appreciate the difficulty that the people of 1900 had in predicting the world of 2000.―  Michio Kaku,  Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100

The History of the Computer Keyboard

The History of the Computer Keyboard The history of the modern computer keyboard begins with a direct inheritance from the  invention of the typewriter.  It was Christopher Latham Sholes who, in 1868,  patented the first practical modern typewriter. Soon after, in 1877, the Remington Company began mass marketing the first typewriters. After a series of technological developments, the typewriter gradually evolved into the standard computer keyboard your fingers know so well today. The QWERTY Keyboard There are several legends around the development of the QWERTY keyboard layout, which was patented by Sholes and his partner James Densmore in 1878. The most compelling explanation is that Sholes developed the layout to overcome the physical limitations of mechanical technology at the time. Early typists pressed a key which would, in turn, push a metal hammer that rose up in an arc, striking an inked ribbon to make a mark on a paper before returning to its original position. Separating common pairs of letters minimized the jamming of the mechanism. As machine technology improved, other keyboard layouts were invented that claimed to be more efficient, including as the Dvorak keyboard patented in 1936. Although there are dedicated Dvorak users today, they remain a tiny minority compared to those who continue to use the original QWERTY layout, which remains the most popular keyboard layout on devices of many types throughout the English-speaking world. QWERTYs current acceptance has been attributed to the layout being efficient enough and familiar enough to hinder the commercial viability of competitors. Early Breakthroughs   One of the first breakthroughs in keyboard technology was the invention of the teletype machine. Also referred to as the teleprinter, the technology has been around since the mid-1800s and was improved by inventors such as Royal Earl House, David Edward Hughes, Emile Baudot, Donald Murray, Charles L. Krum, Edward Kleinschmidt, and Frederick G. Creed.  But it was thanks to the efforts of  Charles Krum between 1907 and 1910 that the teletype system became practical for everyday users. In the 1930s, new keyboard models were introduced that combined the input and printing technology of typewriters with the communications technology of the  telegraph. Punch-card systems were also combined with typewriters to create what were known as keypunches. These systems became the basis of early adding machines (early calculators), which were hugely commercially successful. By 1931, IBM had registered more than $1 million in adding machine sales. Keypunch technology was incorporated into the designs of the earliest computers, including the 1946  Eniac computer that used a punch-card reader as its input and output device. In 1948, another computer called the Binac computer used an electro-mechanically controlled typewriter to input data directly onto magnetic tape in order to feed in computer data and print results. The emerging electric typewriter further improved the technological marriage between the typewriter and the computer. Video Display Terminals By 1964, MIT, Bell Laboratories, and General Electric had collaborated to create a  time-sharing, multi-user computer system called Multics. The system encouraged the development of a new user interface called  the video display terminal (VDT), which incorporated the technology of the cathode ray tube used in televisions into the design of the electric typewriter. This allowed computer users to see what text characters they were typing on their display screens for the first time, which made  text assets easier to create, edit, and delete. It also made computers easier to program and use. Electronic Impulses and Hand-Held Devices Early computer keyboards were based either on teletype machines or keypunches but there was a problem: having so many electro-mechanical steps necessary to transmit data between the keyboard and the computer slowed things down considerably. With VDT technology and electric keyboards, the keys could now send electronic impulses directly to the computer and save time. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, all computers used electronic keyboards and VDTs.   In the 1990s, handheld devices that introduced mobile computing became available to consumers. The first of handheld devices was the HP95LX, released in 1991 by Hewlett-Packard. It had a hinged clamshell format that was small enough to fit in the hand. Although not yet classified as such, the HP95LX was the first of the Personal Data Assistants (PDA). It had a small QWERTY keyboard for text entry, although touch typing was practically impossible due to its small size. The Pen Is Not Mightier Than the Keyboard As PDAs began to add web and email access, word processing, spreadsheets, personal schedules, and other desktop applications, pen input was introduced. The first pen input devices were made in the early 1990s, but the technology to recognize handwriting was not robust enough to be effective. Keyboards produce machine-readable text (ASCII), a necessary feature for indexing and searching by contemporary character-based technology. Minus character recognition, handwriting produces digital ink, which works for some applications but requires more memory in order to save input and is not machine-readable. Ultimately, most of the early PDAs (GRiDPaD, Momenta, Poqet, PenPad) were not commercially viable. Apples 1993 Newton project was expensive and its handwriting recognition was particularly poor. Goldberg and Richardson, two researchers at Xerox in Palo Alto, invented a simplified system of pen strokes called Unistrokes, a sort of shorthand that converted each letter of the English alphabet into single strokes that users would input into their devices. Palm Pilot, released in 1996, was an instant hit, introducing the Graffiti technique, which was closer to the Roman alphabet and included a way to input capital and lowercase characters. Other non-keyboard inputs of the era included the MDTIM, published by Poika Isokoski, and Jot, introduced by Microsoft. Why Keyboards Persist The problem with all of these alternative keyboard technologies is the data capture takes more memory and is less accurate than with digital keyboards. As mobile devices such as smartphones grew in popularity, many differently formatted keyboard patterns were tested- and the issue became how to get one small enough to use accurately. One fairly popular method was the soft keyboard. A soft keyboard is one that has a visual display with built-in touchscreen technology. Text entry is performed by tapping on keys with a stylus or finger. The soft keyboard disappears when not in use. QWERTY keyboard layouts are most frequently used with soft keyboards, but there were others, such as the FITALY, Cubon, and OPTI soft keyboards, as well as a simple listing of alphabetic letters. Thumbs and Voice As voice recognition technology has advanced, its capabilities have been added to small hand-held devices to augment, but not replace soft keyboards. Keyboard layouts continue to evolve as data input embraced texting, which is typically is entered via some form of a soft QWERTY keyboard layout (although there have been some attempts to develop thumb-typing entry such as the KALQ keyboard, a split-screen layout available as an Android app). Sources David, Paul A. Clio and the Economics of Qwerty. The American Economic Review 75.2 (1985): 332-37. Print.Dorit, Robert L. Marginalia: Keyboards, Codes and the Search for Optimality. American Scientist 97.5 (2009): 376-79. Print.Kristensson, Per Ola. Typing Isnt All Fingers, Its Thumbs. The World Today 69.3 (2013): 10-10. Print.Leiva, Luis A., et al. Text Entry on Tiny Qwerty Soft Keyboards. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2702388: ACM, 2015. Print.Liebowitz, S. J., and Stephen E. Margolis. The Fable of the Keys. The Journal of Law Economics 33.1 (1990): 1-25. Print.MacKenzie, I. Scott, and R. William Soukoreff. Text Entry for Mobile Computing: Models and Methods, Theory and Practice. Human-Computer Interaction 17.2-3 (2002): 147-98. Print.Topolinski, Sascha. I 5683 You: Dialing Phone Numbers on Cell Phones Activates Key-Concordant Concepts. Psychological Science 22.3 (2011): 355-60. Print.

Memory from the past ,Going somewhere you have not been before Essay

Memory from the past ,Going somewhere you have not been before - Essay Example Moreover, I knew I had to part with some little package of money for my mum and other family members; not that they would ask for it but because the Nigerian culture accepts and embraces such acts. I had booked a flight a fortnight earlier, and the procedure was not going to be long. I therefore, hired a taxi to the airport hoping to travel the same night. To my expectation, the flight authorities never disappointed me. We left the airport in a span of an hour. Within another few hours, we were at the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport. We walked home happily with my mum who had been waiting at the airport. The life at home was full of fantasy. I enjoyed my favorite traditional dishes that I had missed so much. In addition, I met most of my friends that I had studied with in the local primary school. Each day was the same as the other, full of happiness, laughter and domestic chores. However, I was only to spend two weeks there in order to catch up with Paralympics, my favorite game in the Olympics. I therefore, travelled back to London. I had never attended any Olympics ceremony before so you can imagine how appealing it was going to be to me. However, I developed an interest in the leading international sports event in the year 2004 when it was held in Athens, Greece. Now here was the London Olympics 2012. I was going to watch nothing else but Paralympics. My favorite participant has always been the Briton, David Weir, and I was going to witness his victory. The 33- year old, known to many as the "Weirwolf of London", must have trained himself to gallop so well. He ended up winning four gold medals in the wheelchair marathon. I watched the 5000 meters race, which was his last race in the participation. He dominated the better part of the race battling it out with Switzerland’s Marcel Hug. It was unbelievable how he easily won the race, clinching the gold medal. Weir when being interviewed

News Corp's Buyout of BSkyB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

News Corp's Buyout of BSkyB - Essay Example It will be pertinent to take a note of Rupert Murdoch's British operations, which started a way back in 1969 when the Mirror group wanted to relinquish from its mid-market daily newspaper The Sun. It is precisely at this time when Murdoch acquired it and made it thumping success with the passage of time by selling three million copies per day. Murdoch's control on the print media of UK became more prominent when he acquired The Times and The Sunday Times from Canadian publisher. During the time Murdoch's UK based satellite network Sky television was making huge losses which compelled him to agree for a merger with British Satellite Broadcasting in 1990. The merged company came to be known as BSkyB which is now considered to be the most dominating company in the British pay-TV market. When seen in the above perspective, the news of proposed buyout of BSkyB by Murdoch’s News Corp has far-reaching implications as it may facilitate a near monopolistic control to Murdoch on print a nd electronic media of UK. The point to be noted here is that BBC and other competing media groups have raised their opposition to the deal. It is not surprising that Business Secretary Vince Cable had to bow down on public uproar and ask Ofcom to investigate the matter on the media plurality issues that may arise after this proposed takeover by News Corp. European Union’s antitrust competition regulator also plunged into action to investigate the matter on the grounds of competition. It will be worthwhile to go through some of the important developments that have taken place in the last few months regarding this complete control and take over issue of News Corp. (Prodhan, Georgina et al 2010) The European Commission The European Commission gave its report in the third week of December, 2010 approving the proposed acquisition of BSkyB by News Corporation. The commission in its report concluded that the said transaction of complete control of BSkyB by News Corp is not going to hinder the competition in the European Economic Area (EEA). Its findings were only restricted to the competition aspects and has nothing to do with the proposed investigation carried out by UK regulatory body on media plurality aspect to protect legitimate interest of British nationals. It is pertinent to note here that media plurality assessment and competition assessment are two different areas of investigation. The Competition assessment mainly focuses on whether consumer would be facing any hike in the pricing structures or any forced featureless offerings. On the other hand, the issues related to the media plurality are concerned with the role played by media in relation to the democratic fabric of the various institutions and further their capacity to influence them in their own interests, which may be in the long run detrimental to the health of country. The European Union’s antitrust commission’s main findings are listed as per the following. 1. BSkyB and News Corp are in competition with each other to a limited extent as they are active in different markets in the UK and the Ireland. 2. The commission is of the view that the proposed transaction is not likely to improve substantially BSkyB's existing share of the market in the supply of basic pay-TV channels. 3. Both the parties have a small combined market share in TV advertising hence not going to affect the balancing act in competition concerns. 4. The Commission also investigated the possibility of offering mixed bundles of subscriptions for its print and online versions along with satellite pay channels. The commission is of the view that it will not be possible for the vast majority of newspapers' on line editions are currently free of charge and this equation is not likely

CRJS478IP5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CRJS478IP5 - Research Paper Example The first step in investigating the crime is to secure the crime scene. Securing the crime scene assists in reducing interference of physical evidence and reduces the chances of contamination to the crime scene. After securing the crime scene the next step is to conduct a preliminary survey of the area to establish the presence of any other evidence around the crime scene. At this stage it is indispensable to take photographs of the crime scene and collect evidence that may be incidental to the crime. After the preliminary survey is conducted, evaluation of physical evidence is conducted. The evaluation in this case will be to determine the position of the remains, if the remains have been moved by the initial respondents, the condition of the remains and other materials at the scene. After the evidence is evaluated, samples are collected from the remains at the scene. Samples of other biological materials at the scene should also be collected. When collecting the samples from the re mains it is important to safeguard against contamination. Contamination occurs when something that was not present is introduced to the crime scene or in the samples collected. Contamination can compromise the analysis and accuracy of samples collected. An effective way of reducing contamination is to limit access to the crime scene which is done by securing the crime scene until evidence is collected and documented. In doing so it is important to restrict the first responders and the law enforcement officers from further access to the scene as they can potentially contaminate the crime scene (Kobilinsky, Levine & Margolis-Nunno, 2009). DNA profiling is a technique employed by forensic analysts in establishing identification of unknown individuals. DNA analysis uses the DNA make-up of the remains to form a profile that can be used for identification. Because the remains at the scene have

Explain the Rise and Fall of Keynesianism Essay - 1

Explain the Rise and Fall of Keynesianism - Essay Example It then goes on to discuss the all the theories that led to the rise of the Keynesianism and other potentially his radical forms of theories (Milgate and Eatwell 62). As asserted by Leeson (263), one of the factors that led to the rise of Keynesianism was the Keynes stewardship and experience with the treaty Versailles. This pushed him in making a break from the previous theory models he had put across. He involved many individuals into a treaty which led to the formation of the Economic consequences of the Peace (ECP) (Auerbach). From the book, he was established as an economy that had practical political skill to influence the policy making of the world economics at any summit. The peace treaties brought hope and expectation to the people’s development (Blinder 279). This also ensured unity and togetherness among the people. This further resulted in stability in the region and the nation at large which is requisite for a regional and economic development. Leeson (264) adds t hat another factor is the gold standard. This was a monetary system which used a particular economic unit based on a fixed weight and amount of gold. There were three types of gold standards: the first one was the gold specie standard in which the monetary unit is associated with the value of circulating gold coins or has the value of certain circulating gold coin together with other less valuable coins (Milgate and Eatwell 69). The second one, the gold exchange standard which did not involve the use of gold but a government guaranteed fixed exchange rate with another country which does not use gold (Blinder 281). Finally we have a gold bullion standard system which does not circulate gold but authorizes the selling of gold bullion on demand. This use of currency made Keynesianism a strong and powerful economy. Through this, many economies were attracted from different parts of the world in order to look for currency from them (Bleaney 265). During the 18th century when there were w ars within Europe and trade deficit with China, silver as a currency was drained from the economy of many Western European countries. Countries like United Kingdom created a massive recoinage program which acted as a currency reservoir for the UK. Unfortunately it came out that there was an exchange of unequal gold and silver currencies between the United Kingdom and Keynesianism. This later made Keynes so powerful and hence the rise (Yoshikawa 178). Keynesianism benefited from neo liberalism greatly. This is because the political philosophy they acquired enabled them to support economic liberalization. This allowed the Keynesianism to have their own economic theory and dominate it among the most powerful countries by then such as the United Kingdom and United States. Leeson (266) asserts that they had also a free trade and market control that was an advantage which made them became powerful economic and revenue gainers in the market. In addition, Keynesianism had control also over open markets and privatization of the market (Leeson, 268). They could also deregulate the laws that are enacted by other market policies in their favor. Keynesianism also had an upper hand in enacting his own market policies which would favor their market structure (Auerbach). This made them more powerful in controlling the economy of the region and hence their rise in power. Keynes had a stable monetary policy which had effectively demanded to

The romaticicm in Framkistein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The romaticicm in Framkistein - Essay Example Significantly, a profound exploration of the overriding themes, the plot, the characters, etc of Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus confirms that many of the main ideas behind the literary movement of Romanticism can be seen in the novel. Thus, the themes such as the significance of nature, childhood, beautiful vs. sublime, revolt, etc reveal the basic Romantic ideals of the period. As Anneli Elsa?er purports, â€Å"In Frankenstein Mary Shelley contrasts beauty and serenity of nature to the destroying powers that can be released when meddling with scientific progress. Her themes fit well into the ideas of the Romantic poets; she understands the state of childhood and also focuses on nature as counterpart to the progress and destruction of Industrialism and progress.† (Elsa?er, 2) Although the dark motifs of Frankenstein may not seem to conform to the brighter tones and subjects of the poems of the romantic poets such as Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Wordsworth, and Samuel Tay lor Coleridge, Mary Shelley was deeply influenced by the romantics. Therefore, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of Shelley’s Frankenstein, novel by highlighting the Romantic elements in the work, in order to establish that this novel is a prime example of a Romantic novel. In a comprehensive appraisal of the major themes of Shelley’s Frankenstein, it becomes evident that the focal point of the novel is nature, which is a favorite theme of every Romantic poet. Whereas nature offers comfort and assistance to characters such as Walton and Victor in the novel, the theme of nature is closely connected to the underlying message of the novel: one should not attempt to conquer nature, but should try to embrace and harmonize with it. In fact, the novelist presents nature as a source of solace to almost all the characters in the novel, most markedly to Victor and his monster. Thus, the novelist presents the monster as a lover of nature, and he has various connections to Romanticism. However, the monster is mocked by the nature when he is transformed into an anti-romantic, and it is evident from this character’s own words: â€Å"Nature decayed around me, and the sun became heatless; rain and snow poured around me; mighty rivers were frozen; the surface of the earth was hard and chill and bare, and I found no shelter. Oh, earth! how often did I imprecate currents on the cause of my being! The mildness of my nature had fled, and all within me turned to gall and bitterness.† (Shelley, 110) Significantly, every Romantic poet focused on the soothing spirit of nature in their poems and Shelley’s Frankenstein reveals the soothing spirit of the nature through the characters such as Walton, Victor and his monster. Victor Franklin is a character who has experienced the soothing influence of the natural beauty tremendously in the novel, and it is evident that nature has shown the power to lift his spits again, whenever he feels the dark m ood within himself. â€Å"When happy, inanimate nature had the power of bestowing on me the most delightful sensations. A serene sky and verdant fields filled me with ecstasy.† (Shelley, 55) It is important to recognize that Mary Shelley frequently uses images of nature all

Explain the Rise and Fall of Keynesianism Essay - 1

Explain the Rise and Fall of Keynesianism - Essay Example It then goes on to discuss the all the theories that led to the rise of the Keynesianism and other potentially his radical forms of theories (Milgate and Eatwell 62). As asserted by Leeson (263), one of the factors that led to the rise of Keynesianism was the Keynes stewardship and experience with the treaty Versailles. This pushed him in making a break from the previous theory models he had put across. He involved many individuals into a treaty which led to the formation of the Economic consequences of the Peace (ECP) (Auerbach). From the book, he was established as an economy that had practical political skill to influence the policy making of the world economics at any summit. The peace treaties brought hope and expectation to the people’s development (Blinder 279). This also ensured unity and togetherness among the people. This further resulted in stability in the region and the nation at large which is requisite for a regional and economic development. Leeson (264) adds t hat another factor is the gold standard. This was a monetary system which used a particular economic unit based on a fixed weight and amount of gold. There were three types of gold standards: the first one was the gold specie standard in which the monetary unit is associated with the value of circulating gold coins or has the value of certain circulating gold coin together with other less valuable coins (Milgate and Eatwell 69). The second one, the gold exchange standard which did not involve the use of gold but a government guaranteed fixed exchange rate with another country which does not use gold (Blinder 281). Finally we have a gold bullion standard system which does not circulate gold but authorizes the selling of gold bullion on demand. This use of currency made Keynesianism a strong and powerful economy. Through this, many economies were attracted from different parts of the world in order to look for currency from them (Bleaney 265). During the 18th century when there were w ars within Europe and trade deficit with China, silver as a currency was drained from the economy of many Western European countries. Countries like United Kingdom created a massive recoinage program which acted as a currency reservoir for the UK. Unfortunately it came out that there was an exchange of unequal gold and silver currencies between the United Kingdom and Keynesianism. This later made Keynes so powerful and hence the rise (Yoshikawa 178). Keynesianism benefited from neo liberalism greatly. This is because the political philosophy they acquired enabled them to support economic liberalization. This allowed the Keynesianism to have their own economic theory and dominate it among the most powerful countries by then such as the United Kingdom and United States. Leeson (266) asserts that they had also a free trade and market control that was an advantage which made them became powerful economic and revenue gainers in the market. In addition, Keynesianism had control also over open markets and privatization of the market (Leeson, 268). They could also deregulate the laws that are enacted by other market policies in their favor. Keynesianism also had an upper hand in enacting his own market policies which would favor their market structure (Auerbach). This made them more powerful in controlling the economy of the region and hence their rise in power. Keynes had a stable monetary policy which had effectively demanded to

Discussion 6 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion 6 - Research Paper Example The reasons for this gendered violence range from many factors, from psychological to economical reasons, and I will attempt to elaborate more on these triggers of violence and also offer solutions marital partners can take to put an end to domestic partner violence. Firestone claims that there are two very important psychological factors that influence why domestic partner violence occurs; a "destructive thought process," and what is called a "fantasy bond," (Firestone, n.p). The destructive thought process that Firestone mentions refers to the case where the abuser has this thought in his head that he/she must abuse their partner; the abuser keeps imagining negative things that he/she assumes that their partner is thinking of them, for instance, "She/he is controlling you. Dont let her/him act like you are weak," (Firestone, n.p). In my opinion, men are more likely to act upon this inner voice than are women, because there are external pressures from society on men to act a certain way; men today are still expected to be strong and dominant and powerful, and when imagine that their wives are acting in a way that makes them look unmanly, they lash out at their wives on the whims of this "inner voice," (Firestone, n.p). Also, the "fantasy bond" that Firestone mentions, refers to the belief a person has that he/she is only complete with their partner; this belief also supports the idea that one person in the relationship has power over the other (Firestone, n.p). For me, I believe men like to imagine that they are in control in this "fantasy bond," since patriarchal values extol them to be more powerful than women; this entitles men to physically abuse their partners. Panda and Agarwal offer an economic reason for why men are more likely to physically abuse their female partners; for him, womens economic dependence on men sets the scene for them being physically abused, (Panda & Agarwal, page 824). He claims for example that when a woman has her own house, the

The Wages of Maturity Essay Example for Free

The Wages of Maturity Essay Joyce Carol Oates had distinctively portrayed the harmful consequences that teens may experience when they act much older than their ages. In the story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been†, Oates tells the story of a 15-year old girl who behaves more mature than kids of her age. Oates based this story on a Life Magazine story of a young man killing several girls in Arizona and in it she clearly wants to impart that maturity has its own time and rushing it up will only lead to unfavorable things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Such thing happened to Connie, the main character of the story, whose ways are a lot more grown-up than her 24-year old sister, June. June was simple and plain looking, whereas Connie is obsessed with her appearance and the need to always look good. Oates describes Connie to have â€Å"a quick, nervous giggling habit of craning her neck to glance into mirrors or checking other people’s faces to make sure her own was all right† (1). She goes out with friends who possess the same behavior and together they love going to the mall, restaurants, and movies houses up until an hour before midnight. One can never see them hang out in places where girls of their age usually are. Connie thinks that the sprees of a typical teenager are boring. And that’s the reason why she goes out in places where young adults spend time. She loves mingling with older boys and her mother never approved to any of those. Connie then, covers what she is doing outside her house by acting differently when she is at home. This is how Connie gets away with her need to show others that she isn’t an ordinary 15-year old with regular hobbies. She wants to show all the people that she was somebody different – somebody far more classy and superior to others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At 15, Connie was adventurous and has cars and older boys enlivening her. She lives a wild and thrilling life when she’s outside. Her haven outside was the drive-in restaurant across the busy road where a lot of older kids normally hung out. It was a fly-infested restaurant, but Connie and her friends are pleased and expectant of the place as if it were a sacred building when they are inside it   (Oates 1). Connie’s love to live a mature life is exemplified by her preference for loud music and shiny cars. She chooses to talk to boys older than her when she’s inside the restaurant and ignores the ones who merely came from school. Connie is obviously caught in a world not apt for her, and she is yet to know how harmful that could be for her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Connie never liked family affairs because she believes her personality wasn’t apt for those gatherings. She never liked household chores and doesn’t clean even her own room. One Sunday her whole family was invited to a barbeque at an aunt’s house. Connie, being uninterested about the matter, rolled her eyes to her mother and said she’d rather stay home. And that’s when her maturity pretense is going to catch up on her. Arnold Friend, a guy whom she encountered in the same restaurant she frequents, suddenly drove into their garage in his newly painted car. He looks much older than 18 years old, which he claims to be. He is enticing Connie to come and ride away with him, together with another friend Ellie, who is to sit in the car’s back seat. Connie was more than hesitant. But Arnold is clear that she doesn’t have any other choice but to go out with him. Arnold has something inside him that was both weird and scary – and something had made Connie totally helpless with the situation. She knew she was headed for trouble, but she can’t scream or run or do anything about it because Arnold has this supernatural power of disorienting her and making her house feel like a box of carton that is unable to protect her from the harm that he can do to her. Arnold was not merely human. In him is an evil soul and his physical appearance is merely a disguise of what he really is. Connie, unable to think right and is defenseless, have no other choice but to go to him and follow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maturity has its wages. People come to age when the right time comes. Rushing it up doesn’t make us more mature than what we really are. Posing to be mature won’t cause people to respect us more. Instead, doing so openly shows our insecurity and vulnerability to them. And that is something they can use against us. Acting mature doesn’t make us mature. It makes us weaker than we should be.

Online Ticket Booking System Information Technology Essay

Online Ticket Booking System Information Technology Essay Apart from the efforts of me, the success of any assignment depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this assignment. I would like to show my greatest appreciation to Lecturer, Ms. Nayeema Rahman. I cant say thank you enough for his tremendous support and help. I feel motivated and encouraged every time I attend his meeting. Without his encouragement and guidance this assignment would not have materialized. Abstract The purpose of the online ticket booking system is to provide another way for purchasing cinema tickets in advance. It is an automatic system. This paper presents a formal use of the Object Oriented analysis and Design, we will illustrate our system by providing Use Case Diagrams with Specifications, Activity Diagrams, Class Diagrams, Sequence Diagrams, State Machines and Communication Diagrams on the functionalities of the system, also we will provide some process description and data dictionary. The goals of our system are: Record performance details Record customer details Record tickets sold Print tickets Print address labels for telephone booking Task 1: Functional Modelling Identification of Actors Use Cases Analyzing the existing system we figured out that, there are two main scopes to be covered in the system. The scopes are Performance Planning and Ticket Booking. We used the below table to identify the Actors and the Use Cases for the system. User Role Use Case Theatre Manager Performance planning Define the type of the performance and name it. Performance scheduling Define date and time of the performance. Artist booking Book an artist for the performance. Ticket pricing Determine a price for the ticket. Clerk Check schedule Check the performance schedule for a particular show on a date. Check seat availability Checks for available seats Capture customer information Record customer details Check ticket price Check for ticket price for particular show. Sell ticket Record tickets sold. Print ticket Print ticket for the customer. Print address label Print address label for telephone booking. Use Case Diagram Following diagram shows the overall view of the Ticket Booking System for Theatre. Figure 1: Use Case Diagram (Performance Planning Ticket Booking) Use Case Specification Table 1: Use Case of Performance Planning Number: UC01 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Performance Planning Status: Actors: Theatre Manager Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Goal: Defining the performance type and naming it. Use Case Relationships: Extend:UC02, UC03 Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User enters the name of the performance. 2 User enters the type of the performance. 3 System checks for all required data entry. 4 System connects to the database. 5 System writes data into the database. 6 System shows a confirmation message after successful database writes. Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 3.1 Enter required information. A 4.1 Check network connectivity A 4.2 Check database connectivity A 4.3 Check database user role A 5.1 Theatre manager gets notification of unsuccessful operation. Table 2: Use Case of Performance Scheduling Number: UC02 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Performance Scheduling Status: Actors: Theatre Manager Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Performance planning (UC01) should be inserted into the system. Goal: Define date and time of the performance. Use Case Relationships: Extend: Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User selects the desired performance from the system. 2 User enters the date of the performance. 3 User enters the time of the performance. 4 System checks for all required data entry. 5 System connects to the database. 6 System writes data into the database. 7 System shows a confirmation message after successful database writes. Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 3.1 Enter required information. A 5.1 Check network connectivity A 5.2 Check database connectivity A 5.3 Check database user role A 6.1 Theatre manager gets notification of unsuccessful operation. Table 3: Use Case of Artist Booking Number: UC03 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Artist Booking Status: Actors: Theatre Manager Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Performance planning (UC01) should be inserted into the system. Goal: Book an artist for the performance. Use Case Relationships: Extend: Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User selects the desired performance from the system. 2 User enters the name of the desired artist. 3 System checks for all required data entry. 4 System connects to the database. 5 System writes data into the database. 6 System shows a confirmation message after successful database writes. Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 3.1 Enter required information. A 4.1 Check network connectivity A 4.2 Check database connectivity A 4.3 Check database user role A 5.1 Theatre manager gets notification of unsuccessful operation. Table 5: Use Case of Schedule Checking Number: UC04 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Schedule Checking Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Performance scheduling (UC02) should be inserted into the system. Goal: Check the performance schedule for a particular show on a date. Use Case Relationships: Extend: UC01 Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User selects a desired performance and a date. 2 System shows a confirmation message for the availability of the performance. 3 System allows the user to perform the next event (UC06). Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 1.1 System notifies the user that the performance is unavailable on the desired date. Table 6: Use Case of Check Seat Availability Number: UC05 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Check Seat Availability Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Schedule checking (UC05) should be performed by the user. Goal: Checks for available seats. Use Case Relationships: Extend: Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User selects a desired performance and a date. 2 System shows a confirmation message for the availability of the seat. 3 System allows the user to perform the next event (UC07). Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 1.1 System notifies the user that the seat is unavailable for the desired performance. Table 7: Use Case of Capturing Customer Information Number: UC06 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Capture Customer Information Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Seat checking (UC06) should be performed by the user. Goal: Record customer details. Use Case Relationships: Extend: Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User enters the name, address and telephone number of the customer. 2 System checks for all required data entry. 3 System connects to the database. 4 System writes data into the database. 5 System shows a confirmation message after successful database writes. Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 2.1 Enter required information. A 3.1 Check network connectivity A 3.2 Check database connectivity A 3.3 Check database user role A 4.1 User gets notification of unsuccessful operation. Table 8: Use Case of Checking Ticket Price Number: UC07 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Check Ticket Price Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Ticket pricing information (UC04) should be entered into the system. Goal: Check for ticket price for particular show Use Case Relationships: Extend: UC01 Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User selects a desired performance form the system. 2 System shows the defined pricing for the ticket. Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 2.1 Price not found is notified to the user. Table 9: Use Case of Selling Ticket Number: UC08 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Selling Ticket Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Check ticket price (UC08) should be performed by the user. Goal: Record tickets sold. Use Case Relationships: Extend: Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User selects the desired performance from the system. 2 User enters ticket selling date and the ticket price for the desired performance. 3 System checks for all required data entry. 4 System connects to the database. 5 System writes data into the database. 6 System shows a confirmation message after successful database writes. Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 3.1 Enter required information. A 4.1 Check network connectivity A 4.2 Check database connectivity A 4.3 Check database user role A 5.1 Theatre manager gets notification of unsuccessful operation. Table 10: Use Case of Printing Ticket Number: UC09 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Printing Ticket Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Check ticket price (UC08) should be performed by the user. Goal: Print ticket for the customer Use Case Relationships: Extend: Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User triggers the print command for the sold ticket. Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 1.1 Printer not found notification will be given to the user. Table 11: Use Case of Checking Ticket Booking Type Number: UC10 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Check Ticket Booking Type Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Print ticket (UC10) should be performed by the user. Goal: Determine the ticket booking type. Use Case Relationships: Extend: Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User selects the booking type to identify whether the ticket was booked over phone. Alternatives: Index Actor Event Table 12: Use Case of Printing Address Label Number: UC11 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Print Address Label Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Ticket booking type (UC11) should be performed by the user. Goal: Print address label for telephone booking Use Case Relationships: Extend: UC11 Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User triggers the print command to print the address label. Alternatives: Index Actor Event Activity Diagram Based on the system observation, a high level activity diagram is drawn modelling the process of ticket booking for theatre. The activity diagram will bring everybody on a common ground for understanding the system functionalities. Figure 2: Activity Diagram (Performance Planning Ticket Booking) Task 2: Structural Modelling Class Diagram (attributes operations) The following diagram depicts the relationships between the classes for Ticket Booking System along with the attributes and the operations. Figure 3: Class Diagram (Performance Planning Ticket Booking) Task 3: Behavioural Modelling Sequence Diagram The following diagram is a sequence diagram for buying ticket. There are few things I want to state, that this is just one of the sequences of buying ticket. There could be more alternative sequence for buying ticket. For example, we can choice a performance before buying ticket. But the overall structures of all buying ticket sequence are similar, so, others sequence will not be shown. Figure 4: Sequence Diagram (Create Performance) Figure 5: Sequence Diagram (Schedule Performance) Figure 6: Sequence Diagram (Set price) Figure 7: Sequence Diagram (Sell tickets) State Machine Diagram Below diagram is used to give an abstract description of the behaviour of the ticket booking system. This behaviour is analyzed and represented in series of events that could occur in one or more possible states. Hereby each diagram usually represents objects of a single class and tracks the different states of its objects through the system. Figure 8: State Machine Diagram (Performance Planning Ticket Booking) Communication Diagram Communication diagram is similar to sequence diagrams, but it provides an overview of the relationships between objects, rather than focusing on the order of messages between objects, as the software executes. Figure 9: Communication Diagram (Performance Planning Ticket Booking) Task 4: Data Protection Law Introduction In Bangladesh Cyber Acts are in a process to be implemented. The Government of Bangladesh has formed National Council for Science and Technology (NCST). The Executive Committee for NCST has also been formed to implement policies formulated by the Council. Currently NCST is working with the general boundaries to protect the ICT industry and specific laws are yet to be decided. For our application we can follow the acts and regulations from UK. Laws, Regulations and Best Practices The Data Protection Act gives individuals the right to know what information is held about them. It provides a framework to ensure that personal information is handled properly. The Act works in two ways. Firstly, it states that anyone who processes personal information must comply with eight principles, which make sure that personal information is: Fairly and lawfully processed Processed for limited purposes Adequate, relevant and not excessive Accurate and up to date Not kept for longer than is necessary Processed in line with your rights Secure Not transferred to other countries without adequate protection The second area covered by the Act provides individuals with important rights, including the right to find out what personal information is held on computer and most paper records. Data protection laws should be adequate enough to maintain the below options at a minimum- How to access information This allows one to find out what information is held about him/her on a computer and within some manual records, such as medical records, files held by public bodies and financial information held by credit reference agencies. Correcting information This allows one to apply to a court to order a data controller to correct, block, remove or destroy personal details if they are inaccurate or contain expressions of opinion based on inaccurate information. Preventing processing of information This means one can ask a data controller not to process information about him/her that causes substantial unwarranted damage or distress. The data controller is not always bound to act on the request. Preventing unsolicited marketing This means a data controller is required not to process information about one for direct marketing purposes if he/she asks them not to. Preventing automated decision making This means one can object to decisions made only by automatic means. For example, where there is no human involvement. Claiming compensation This allows one to claim compensation through the courts from a data controller for damage, and in some cases distress, caused by any breach of the act. Exempt information This allows one to ask the information commissioner to investigate and assess whether the data controller has breached the act. There should be a committee (in our case NCTS could be the choice) that will have legal powers to ensure that organizations comply with the requirements of the data protection laws. It is notable here that these powers are focused on ensuring that organizations meet the obligations of the act. To promote best practices the regulation- The committee should carry out consensual audits with data controllers to assess their processing of personal information. The committee should see auditing as a constructive process with real benefits for data controllers. The committee should adopt, wherever possible, a participative approach including working closely with the data controller to agree the timing and scope of the audit. Comply with Data Protection Law A short checklist can help us to comply with the data protection laws in our system. Maintaining all the items in the checklist does guarantee compliance but it should mean that we are heading in the right direction. We should store only the related information about the customer and the personnels involved with the system. And we need to make sure that we know what we are going to do with the information. The person should know, what are the information we are holding. He/she should understand what it will be used for. Information should be held securely whether its on the paper or on computer. The system should prevent any unwanted access of its resources. The information should be deleted as soon as there is no need for it. Access control list should be created with a strict need to know to prevent data access from all kind of users of the system. We should train the stuff in their duties and responsibilities under the act that we are putting them in to practice. Recommendations Being a strategic regulator means that, in so far as we have a choice, we have to be selective with our interventions. We will therefore apply our limited resources in ways that deliver the maximum return in terms of a sustained reduction in data protection risk. That is the risk of harm through improper use of personal information. There are priorities we have to set. We need to focus most attention on situations where there is a real likelihood of serious harm. We also need to focus on situations where our intervention is most likely to make a long term as well as a short term difference. When we intervene we must do so in a way that gives us the best possible return and remember that we will often be at our most effective when working closely with others. We are entitled to have legitimate expectations of those who are in a position to influence data protection risk. Our effectiveness depends on them seeking and welcoming our reasonable interventions. Furthermore we have an important international role. Data protection risk in the Bangladesh is increasingly influenced by events worldwide. Our risk-based approach is in line with good regulatory practice. It does not mean that we seek to remove all data protection risk. We do what we can to moderate the most serious risks and protect those who are most vulnerable to improper use of their information. But we will not try to take away freedom of choice and will remember that individuals themselves ought to be best placed to make decisions about their own interests. Part of our job is to equip individuals with the knowledge and tools to enable them to make their own well-informed decisions about the use and disclosure of their personal information. Being a strategic regulator also means extending our approach beyond simply improving (through guidance, persuasion and regulatory action) the behaviour of organisations that handle personal information. We also have a legitimate role in informing and influencing the market or political environment in which they operate. Thus we will seek to have long term influence over government and the legislature at Westminster and in the devolved administrations as well as over representative bodies and other stakeholders, to ensure privacy friendly outcomes. We will also seek to influence the legal framework that governs our own work to ensure that data protection requirements are simple, meaningful and proportionate and that we have the flexibility and tools to regulate effectively. Building public confidence in data protection is the key in our approach. We protect people, not just information. This means we need to engage with the public and explain what we do in a way that they can easily understand and relate to. This commitment is at the heart of how we approach our job as data protection regulator and will inform all our data protection tasks including complaints handling and the provision of advice. Task 5: Ticket Printing Produce Tickets To protect the tickets from being forged or copied we can use a barcode on each ticket. Well print a unique 10-digit number as a barcode on the tickets, which will be checked at the entrance with the software and a simple barcode scanner. As each barcode can only be used once to enter, copied or forged tickets are rejected and the revenues are protected. By default, the tickets will be labeled with random numbers with 10 digits, which will serve as copy protection. Figure 10: Sample barcode to print on tickets Seat Allocation Tickets will be printed with seat numbers, with serial numbers. Section names can be in different colours to facilitate orientation. For sections with an aisle a seat description can be added to the seat number (e.g. left, right), which helps the visitor to find the seat. Figure 11: Sample barcode to print on ticket with seat no. Hardware for printing tickets There are numerous tickets available in the market but I found D-Link printers suitable for our system. Below are the details of the hardware- Description: With the DSA-3100 and the DSA-3100P Ticket Printer, businesses and organizations can provide free or fee-based broadband Internet access to their customers or members. No complex billing system is required, guaranteeing a quick and convenient Internet experience for operators and their hot spot users. The DSA-3100P is hassle-free hot spot ticket printer that communicates with the DSA-3100 Public/Private Gateway to generate and print log-in usernames and passwords for the hot spot customers. Patented for easy loading, the DSA-3100P is connected to the DSA-3100 gateway via its RS-232 serial communication. With the DSA-3100P, the DSA-3100 gateway can manage and store up to 2,000 user accounts in its internal database and support up to 50 logged-in users at any time. Features: Printing Method: Thermal Dot Line Printing Print Speed: 80 mm/Second Connectivity: RS-232 Serial Compatibility: D-Link DSA-3100 Public/Private Gateway Specification: Manufacturer D-Link Manufacturer Part # DSA-3100P Device Type Thermal Line Label Printer Media Handling Media Type Receipt Paper Max Media Size 2.2 Max Printing Width 1.9 Roll Maximum Outer Diameter 3.3 Total Capacity 1 Roll Connectivity Interfaces 1 x RS-232 Serial Included Cables 1 x Serial Cable Power Requirements Power Supply External, 3.5 V DC Dimensions(H X W X D) Unit 4.6 x 3.8 x 6.3 Weight Unit 0.9 lbs Price: $375 Figure 12: D-Link DSA-3100P Ticket Printer Task 6: Database Design Database Design Figure 13: Database Design (Performance Planning Ticket Booking) Data Dictionary Table: Artist Attribute Data Type Length Primary Key Ref. Table ArtistID Integer Yes ArtistName Varchar 100 Table: Performance Attribute Data Type Length Primary Key Ref. Table PerformanceID Integer Yes PerformanceName Varchar 100 TicketPriceID Integer TicketPrice ArtistID Integer Artist Table: TicketPrice Attribute Data Type Length Primary Key Ref. Table TicketPriceID Integer Yes PerformanceID Integer Performance TicketPrice Numeric (18,2) Table: PerformanceSchedule Attribute Data Type Length Primary Key Ref. Table ScheduleID Integer Yes PerformanceID Integer Performance PerformanceDate Date Table: Customer Attribute Data Type Length Primary Key Ref. Table CustomerID Integer Yes Name Varchar 100 Address Varchar 250 Telephone Varchar 20 Table: Sales Attribute Data Type Length Primary Key Ref. Table SalesID Integer Yes PerformanceID Integer Performance ScheduleID Integer PerformanceSchedule TicketPriceID Integer TicketPrice CustomerID Integer Customer BookingType Boolean Table: SeatAllocation Attribute Data Type Length Primary Key Ref. Table SeatID Integer Yes SalesID Integer Sales SeatNoFrom Integer SeatNoTo Integer Task 7: Object-Orient Approaches vs. Standard Approaches Standard Approaches Standard approach includes many variations based on techniques used to develop information system with structured and modular programming. Standard analysis and design techniques are a software engineering methodology for describing systems as a hierarchy of functions. Below are the characteristics of Standard Approaches. Approach for structured analysis consists of the following objects: Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) Shows processes and flow of data in and out of these processes. Does not show control structures (loops) Contains 5 graphic symbols (shown later) Uses layers to decompose complex systems Can be used to show logical and physical Is a quantum leap forward to other techniques at the time, I.e. monolithic descriptions with globs of

The Cask of Amontillado Essay example -- essays research papers

The Cask of Amontillado   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Irony and symbolism are tools used in writing to convey individual messages throughout the story. It is Edgar Allan Poe’s intense use of symbolism and irony throughout the Cask of Amontillado that gives this short story its suspense and horror filled theme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cask of Amontillado is a horror short story, which revolves around the themes of revenge and pride. The plot involves two men: Montresor, the narrator, who is an Italian aristocrat seeking revenge against the second main character: Fortunato, a proud man that flaunts about his knowledge of wines and who finally walks into his own death. Irony is defined as words or actions that convey a reality different from appearance or expectation. The use of such device in the story gives it humor and wit. The continuous use of irony is detected through style, tone and the use of exaggeration from Montresor, the narrator. From the start we can blatantly see the irony in the story. The name Fortunato implies that this man is of good luck, when in actuality he was about to face the end of his life. The setting itself in which the story takes place also contains an ironic element. It is during Venice’s Carnival that the characters meet. Carnival is supposed to be a time of celebration and happiness for everybody. However, in the tale it is a time for revenge and death. The mood changes drastically when the two characters leave the carnival for the d...

Education of the Generations Essay

Most of today’s generation is said to have a higher education and achievements compared to those of previous generations or the generation of their parents. Children’s of this generation are also said to be more active and eager than the children of before. Youth of today’s generation are more vigorous and attentive compared to their parents and their grandparents. It is believed that modernization is a big factor to consider regarding this matter. As we all know that the only thing that is permanent and thing that is constant within this world is change. In the present day there are inevitable growth in modernization computers are widely use technologies are more advance and this changes have largely affect people from generations to generations as change continually takes it’s place. A rapidly changing world whose likeness is not sees before. They are all doing better to make the nation as the nation they know today – a better one. A new study shows that in today’s time most of college students are more self-centered than the youth on the past generations. They are to be more focused on their selves. Their determinations are of high and this believe to be the root regarding the overall self-centeredness these today’s youth. Many studies now undergone by some researchers described scores in some test undergone by students have risen steadily since it was introduced in the year 1982 in the a more present year, 2006 according to the latest data they are said to be two-thirds of the students had above average scores, and is note thirty percent more than in 1982. There is really a big gap between the educations of today’s generation or all of those college students in counterpart with the generations of their parents. Schools and universities of the two generations are also different, environments, facilities, adaptations of technologies and training opportunities are also different. Innovation and institutional change occurred. It all becomes better now. There have been expansion on the availability of technologies to improve teaching and learning strategies such as computers and Internet and other modernized technologies. On the other hand, this modernization of technology has brought us changes regarding educational attainment of most college students. According to some researchers â€Å"We find strong intergenerational progress in generation,† they also write, â€Å"Across all generations for all groups, we consistently find that children acquire more education than their parents† (Public Policy Institute of California, 2005,p1). This successful education attainment is said to be good news for the state as a whole and also for individuals making an educational advancement for it they believe that having a higher education is a key into a higher economic opportunities. Though today’s education is said to be more advanced, as a result today’s generation are more capable of learning many things in a more easy and more convenient way the education attain by the parents also had a great impact on the education of youth today. Education of today’s youth are more in at risk due to their parents who doesn’t able to get better education. But parents could be a great help too. Education help improve language, literacy and vocational attainment of all the people. It also a fact to be considered that education of the parents may have higher effect on the education of their children. Education through the help of this new and advanced technology could be attain and help today’s youth achieve their goals of reaching their dreams considering also the guide of their parents who by reality have greater experience in life than we ever had now. Because things may get into even worst and unusual this advancement and modernization in technology also brought youth of today’s to be more extremely vigorous, negligent and irresponsible. So parents are expected to rear their children and they should also help in molding their child helping them to attain a good education and much better life in the future.

What are the objectives of both parties in the exchanges?

Both parties in these exchanges want to obtain the best accounts available for their teams to maximize profit for the company, and also for their staff. In addition, they both want to get their points across while looking out for their teams’ best interest. Based on the exchange, it seems that Marilyn prefers sharing the accounts rather than being left with the small ones, while Len would like to work on accounts that will generate more money. How would you describe the general â€Å"tone† of the exchanges? The tone of the exchanges seems to be slightly aggressive between Marilyn and Len. In the first exchange, it almost seems like Len’s tone is a little threatening and Marilyn’s tone is defensive in response to this. She also seems to be worried that she’ll be stuck with the smaller, less productive accounts that Len is trying to push on her. Were Marilyn's objectives on the way to being effectuated in the first exchange? No, I feel that Marilyn started off well but then allowed Len’s aggression to get the best of her. She became more defensive while countering each of Len’s comments, which caused her to lose sight of the points she had to present in this negotiation. If this would have continued in this manner, Marilyn will not get her point across. Len had her backed into a corner, and Marilyn’s defensiveness was ineffective, since it wasn’t able to turn the negotiation in her favor. Were Len's objectives on the way to being effectuated in the first exchange? Yes, I feel that Len’s objectives were moving towards being effectuated because he was successful in diverting the conversation. He was able to divert Marilyn’s aims by accusing her of becoming upset in their conversation. He further gives his views authority by telling her that he has the approval of the boss, who supports his decision. What do you project the outcome of the first exchange to be? The projected outcome for the first exchange is that Len intimidates Marilyn to the point that she loses the focus on her objective, and no resolution is made. This was an example of distributive negotiation, since both parties are facing off with the goal of getting as much as possible. It is clear that Len had almost the complete advantage since the negotiation was in Len’s favor. His argument approach made it difficult for Marilyn to defend her position. Were Marilyn's objectives on the way to being effectuated in the second exchange? Yes, I believe that Marilyn was able to stand her ground and argue her points in the second exchange. Furthermore, she was able to effectively divert Len’s responses which helped to implement her objectives. In this exchange, she seems more confident and comfortable in responding to Len’s comments, especially about her team being unskilled. She shot back by reminding Len that they were his former members, which he had trained. Marilyn also corrected him when he said that the boss had already accepted his decision, by stating that she had already received his approval. The second exchange shows that Marilyn was much more prepared to handle Len’s arguments, and had a lot more control over the negotiation. Were Len's objectives on the way to being effectuated in the second exchange? Absolutely not, because in the second exchange Len was still adamant and shifty about his obligation to turn over the viable accounts Marilyn was expecting. The manner in which Marilyn addressed his points presented a challenge to him, which made it harder for him to effectuate. What do you project the outcome of the second exchange to be? I believe that this exchange was in Marilyn’s favor, and she would be able to win those accounts. As the negotiation progressed, Len would discover that his objections to Marilyn’s claims would be defeated, which would force him to turn over the accounts he promised. Identify two points of transition in each exchange and analyze the impact of the transition on the negotiation. In the first exchange, Marilyn asks Len about the viable accounts, which instantly makes him defensive, especially because of the pressure he’s faced with from his team, since they’re income depends on it. His defensive response is to question Marilyn’s teams’ competency. Marilyn asks the same question again when they meet for the second exchange, in which Len responds in the same manner. At this point, Marilyn informs Len that her team was previously trained and supervised by him, which then directs the level of competency back to him. Another transition point occurs when Marilyn identifies the reason as to why Len hasn’t turned over the accounts. She states that it’s because of his team losing income. Len does not effectively respond and chooses instead to claim the boss had already accepted it. Unbeknownst to him, Marilyn had already talked to the boss and received different information, to which Len could not counter. Len was caught in his own dishonesty and false threats.